YorkSpace

YorkSpace is York University's Institutional Repository. It supports York University's Senate Policy on Open Access by providing York community members with a place to preserve their research online in an institutional context.

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    Does unauthorized immigration drive community crime rates? Evidence from 11,500 U.S. neighborhoods
    (Taylor & Francis, 2026-08-10) Kubrin, Charis E.; Christopher, Derek; Hodgen, Cheyenne; Luo, Xiaoshuang Iris; Hipp, John R.
    Research on the immigration-crime nexus has grown substantially, yet few studies differentiate among immigrants of different legal statuses, including undocumented immigrants. Of those that do, analyses are conducted at state and metropolitan area levels, leaving unanswered the question of how the presence of undocumented immigrants is associated with neighborhood crime rates—our focus. To construct neighborhood-level estimates of the undocumented population, we access restricted-use individual-level Census data, where tract of residence can be identified, and apply an imputation procedure. We combine these estimates with a dataset containing crime information for roughly 11,500 neighborhoods across U.S. cities over a decade. Controlling for change in foreign-born citizens and lawful permanent residents as well as other correlates of community crime rates, we estimate neighborhood-level fixed effects models to determine how change in undocumented residents is associated with change in violent and property crime levels between 2010 and 2018. We find that neighborhoods that experienced greater increases in the share of undocumented residents saw greater reductions in property crime and no detectable change in violent crime. We also document distinct patterns in which increasing undocumented residents is associated with decreasing aggravated assaults but increasing robberies, consistent with a possible victimization explanation.
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    Reconceiving Forced Marriage into Armed Groups as Forced Recruitment in International Refugee Law
    (Oxford Academic, 2026-05-24) Querton, Christel
    Forced marriage is widespread, occurring in armed conflicts around the world, with armed groups increasingly relying on the practice. Women at risk of, or who have experienced, forced marriage into armed groups may cross international borders and seek asylum in host countries where international refugee law applies. This article provides a unique in-depth analysis of the practice of forced marriage into armed groups under international refugee law. The article demonstrates how inter-disciplinarity enables us to conceive of forced marriage into armed groups as a form of forced recruitment and thereby interpret it as arising for reasons of imputed political opinion in international refugee law. The conceptualization is important, as the main cause of forcible displacement today is violence in armed conflicts. Moreover, it redresses the traditional view of forced marriage as a private and cultural practice imposed by women’s family members and their ethnic or religious communities by revealing its instrumental nature and its strategic and political practice in the context of armed conflicts. The article calls for revised guidance to address the current knowledge and policy gap in international refugee law.
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    Navigating Borders and Drones: A Case of Zimbabwean Migrant Women Entrepreneurs in Botswana
    (Sage Journals, 2026-06-29) Sibanda, Kwazinkosi
    Border regimes in Southern Africa are increasingly characterised by the deployment of physical and digital surveillance infrastructure. The exclusionary logic echoes colonial-era exclusionary practices where Africans faced strict border controls, while individuals of European and North American descent received preferential visa entry as investors, experts and tourists. The Southern African borders replicate Europe in design and similarly restrict poor African immigrants while facilitating the movement of citizens from the Global North. This article focuses on Zimbabwean migrant women, who are overlooked in migration studies, despite being victims of a long history of mobility restrictions. Using a thematic analysis of social media discussions and in-depth interviews, the study explores how these women navigate bordering in the era of drones and biometric surveillance systems. Drawing on Sharchar’s concept of the shifting border and Martina Tazzioli’s concept of ‘choking without killing’, the analysis examines the explicit and covert strategies of the state that undermine the mobility and entrepreneurial activities of migrant women. Paradoxically, the digital tools in the form of social media communication enable the migrant women entrepreneurs to evade state surveillance. While the digital technology is deployed to exclude, it is simultaneously appropriated by the migrant to evade the surveillance systems.
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    Shoulder Kinematic and Muscle Activity Compensations to Scapular Stabilizer Weakness: An Optimal Control Framework
    (Springer Nature, 2026-03-04) Russell, Matthew S.; Mulla, Daanish M.; Keir, Peter J.; Chadwick, Edward K.; Blana, Dimitra; Drake, Janessa D. M.; Chopp-Hurley, Jaclyn N.
    Purpose Shoulder kinematic and muscular redundancy promotes considerable variability, obscuring possible insights into neuromuscular control and compensation mechanisms for muscle weakness or fatigue. The current study harnessed recent advancements in optimal control formulations for computational musculoskeletal models to determine potential neuromuscular control strategies to compensate for isolated muscle weakness. Methods A computational shoulder model characterized by independent clavicular, scapular, and humeral kinematics and 138 muscle elements was used. Optimal control-predicted thoracohumeral elevation kinematics were validated against published empirical kinematics. Force-generating capacity of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius, and serratus anterior were individually limited to 75%, 50%, and 25% maximal capacity to generate subsequent optimal control predictions of scapulothoracic kinematic changes associated with muscle weakness. Combined limited maximal force-generating capacity of lower trapezius and serratus anterior was also explored. Results Model-predicted scapulothoracic kinematics showed good agreement with reference data, yet some significant differences were identified below 55° thoracohumeral elevation. Fatigue-mediated kinematic changes were most apparent during sagittal plane elevation. Serratus anterior weakness displayed the largest scapulothoracic kinematic changes at all thresholds of limited force-generating capacity. It also prompted the largest compensatory muscle activity changes from other shoulder muscles, while upper trapezius weakness prompted very little compensatory changes in muscle activity. Conclusion Optimal control simulations were used to identify potential compensation mechanisms for shoulder muscle weakness and predict their effects on scapular kinematics. Findings suggest that thoracohumeral elevation in the scapular plane displayed less trapezius coactivity, both when ‘weakened’ and ‘unweakened.’ Thus, scapular plane tasks may isolate serratus anterior, while frontal plane tasks may achieve more balanced coactivation.
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    Temporary protection in Turkey and Colombia: state interests, entangled migration realities, policy diffusion and the global erosion of refugee protection standards
    (Springer, 2026-05-21) Tolay, Juliette; Gonzalez Siverio, Marcos
    Over the last decade, Turkey and Colombia have emerged as major hosts of displaced populations, responding to the Syrian and Venezuelan displacement crises through the adoption of Temporary Protection (TP) regimes. This article offers an exploratory comparative analysis of the political and policy rationales underpinning their adoption. Analysing both cases in parallel reveals three key insights. First, TP serves state interests by supporting internal and external legitimacy, enabling governments to balance border control, public opinion, and policymaking while managing pressures from the Global North and projecting a positive international image. Second, the study highlights the role of policy diffusion: Colombia’s adoption of TP was indirectly shaped by Turkey’s model, reflecting a broader trend in which the circulation of displacement policies has normalized less protective approaches and has eroded refugee protection standards. Third, both states framed their engagement with displaced populations as rooted in “special” relationships, illustrating how borders intersect with social, cultural, and economic ties. Collectively, these findings challenge conventional understandings of migration policy by foregrounding the political centrality of interconnectedness and by showing how TP functions primarily as tool of state interest for entangled migration states, rather than as a mechanism designed around the needs of displaced communities.