CSME Conference Proceedings (May 27-30, 2018)

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Open Access
Development of Absorbents with High Contact Area for Applications in Desiccant Coated Heat Exchanger
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Li, Yunxi; Li, Benwei; Wang, Zhigang
Desiccant coated heat exchanger (DCHE) is developed from the combination of desiccant absorbents and the conventional fin-tube heat exchanger. The performance of the DCHE is mainly due to the adsorption properties of the coated absorbents. Therefore, to improve the DCHE performance, we fabricated porous ion exchange resin (IER) particles which have highly increased contact areas to be used as the DCHE absorbents. The water uptake and adsorption ratio of the porous and non-porous absorbents were both measured and compared against each other. The results showed that the absorbents with porous structure possessed higher water capacity and adsorption rate than that of the non-porous IER.
Open Access
Analytical heat conduction model of annular composite fins
(May-18) Feng, Cheng; Ygeswaran, Subramaniam; Gibbons, Michael; Chandra, Sanjeev
A two-dimensional analytical heat conduction model of an annular composite fin has been carried out. The composite fins composed of a porous polyethylene core, a square aluminum insert, and metallic zinc coating layers, was fabricated using wire-arc spraying technology. Analytical solutions of temperature distribution, energy dissipation and fin efficiency through the fins at natural convection condition have been proposed.
Open Access
Microfluidic method of viscosity measurement in propane-saturated bitumen
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Kim, Mira; Mosavat, Nader; Sinton, David
In this paper, the viscosity propane-saturated bitumen was measured through a microfluidic chip. Property measurement of propane-saturated bitumen has been traditionally done on a heavy-duty PVT cell, and the application of microfluidics in high temperature and pressure conditions to measure the properties of bitumen is a novel technique. There are two steps in the viscosity measurement of propane-saturated bitumen. First, the propane saturated bitumen is prepared in a high-pressure piston cylinder through propane injection in bitumen at a pressure above its saturation pressure. This propane-bitumen sample is left to saturate till it there is no further pressure drop. Then the propane-saturated bitumen is pushed through the microfluidic chip and the viscosity of the bitumen is measured by the pressure differences and the imaging of the fluid end, as an application of the Poiseuille’s law.
Open Access
Effects Of Unit-Cell Boundary Type On The Electromechanical Properties Of Randomly Distributed Multifunctional Composite Structures
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Martin, Joshua; Challagulla, Krishna
The unit-cell composition of three-dimensional finite element models for 3-0 and 3-1 type polymer (PVDF) - ceramic (BaTiO3) and ceramic (PZT-7A) - ceramic (BaTiO3) structures are compared to determine the effects of fiber interaction at the surface of the unit-cell on the effective elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the multifunctional composite systems. The first unit-cell type examined has enclosed fibers that are completely contained within its boundaries, the second type has fibers that are contained within the sides of the unit-cell but can be cut at the top and bottom surfaces, and the third type has fibers that can be cut on the top, bottom and side surfaces of the unit-cell. All cut fibers are matched on opposing surfaces for continuity. Randomly distributed and aligned circular fibers, randomly distributed and randomly oriented circular fibers, and one central enclosed fiber with varying volume fractions and aspect ratios are compared with these three unit-cell structures. Results show that fiber models display greater or equal values of C"" when compared to aligned or randomly oriented fibers for all cases except aspect ratio 1 polymer-ceramic structures. The third type of unit-cell shows the highest e""values for single, aligned and randomly oriented fiber structures, except for the aspect ratio 10 polymerceramic case where the second type of unit-cell has greater results for aligned and single fibers. Finally, it can generally be seen that randomly oriented fibers have smaller values than similar aligned and single fiber structures with the exception being C"" of the ceramic-ceramic structures.
Open Access
High Strain-Rate Behavior Of Mechanoluminescent Material Dispersed In A Soft Polymer Matrix
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Omeziri, Chukwubuikem; Czekanski, Aleksander
Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the emission of light from a solid material in response to mechanical stimuli [1]. Mechanoluminescent materials are classified based on the types of stress activation required for luminescence behaviour. In this paper, we propose the study of light emission characteristics of an elastico-mechanoluminescent (EML) material dispersed in a soft polymer matrix, under high-strain compressive loading for a qualitative and quantitative testing of onsite strain. We developed a strain sensor by creating a composite material through the combination of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix structure and strontium aluminate, europium, and dysprosium doped (SAOED) crystals. SAOED crystals possess a strong luminescence behavior, which has led to their proliferation as a viable optical sensor. Composite materials were tested using a modified Kolsky bar and high-speed camera. The light-emitting characteristics of the SAOED crystals in response to mechanical stimuli allows for the quantification of stress–strain experienced by the composite material. The light intensity, which is measured by a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) sensor in a high-speed digital camera, provides a quantitative measure of the strain-rate. Light-emitting characteristics of the EML material and the strain behavior of the material were studied.
Open Access
On Microstructure And Corrosion Properties Of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Kazemipour, Mostafa; Mohammadi, Mohsen; Nasiri, Ali
In this study, a laser additive manufacturing method, known as selective laser melting (SLM), was applied to produce cube blocks of 316L stainless steel. The microstructure and corrosion properties of the produced samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results were also compared with the properties of a conventional wrought 316L stainless steel sample. The microstructural studies showed that the SLM-manufactured samples have a regular network of melt pools containing austenite grains along with elongated or equiaxed cellular sub-grains. The potentiodynamic polarization results depicted that the SLM fabricated samples had higher positive pitting potential and a wider passivation range than those of the wrought sample, corresponding to their better corrosion resistance. However, the SLM fabricated samples showed a weaker re-passivation property, which possibly is attributed to the presence of pre-existing porosities in the structure of the SLM sample formed during the fabrication process. The EIS data also confirmed a larger capacitive arc for the SLM fabricated samples than its wrought counterpart, indicating a higher charge transfer impedance and a better corrosion resistance.
Open Access
Preparation And Characterization Of Graphene Oxide Cross-Linked Composites
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Sabzevari, Mina; Cree, Duncan; Wilson, Lee
Graphene oxide (GO)-based materials have been studied for applications in adsorption and water treatment. Experimental results revealed that GO is a promising adsorbent due to its low-cost production, large surface area, and strong interaction with a wide range of dyes in an aqueous phase. GO chemical structure has the potential to be tuned using chemical methods such as cross-linking to produce a framework material. Therefore, in this study, cross-linking of GO structure using chitosan biopolymer as a cross-linker agent was investigated. Cross-linked GO composites were prepared through a green solution-based chemistry approach. Chemical structural, morphological and thermal changes in the cross-linked GO composites were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, adsorption properties of samples were obtained using methylene blue (MB) as a cationic probe, in solution phase. According to the spectroscopy results, cross-linked composites suggested interaction between the GO sheets with chitosan through the formation of amide linkages. SEM results showed irregular layer shapes connected to each other with higher surface roughness and porosity in cross-linked samples. Changes in the thermal stability of cross-linked samples can be ascribed to the cross-linking effect. Kinetic adsorption studies indicated higher sorption capacity of cross-linked samples toward MB in aqueous phase compare to pure GO and chitosan.
Open Access
Influence Of Flow Velocity On Erosion-Corrosion Performance Of 90º Carbon Steel Elbows In Potash Brine
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Elemuren, Raheem; Evitts, Richard; Oguocha, Ikechukwuka; Kennell, Glyn; Odeshi, Akindele; Gerspacher, Regan
In this study, the effects of flow velocity and solid concentration on erosion-corrosion behavior of AISI 1018 long-radius steel elbows (Schedule 40) in saturated potash brine were investigated. Potash brine containing 10 and 30 wt% of silica sands flowing at 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 m/s through a continuous loop with pipe internal diameter of 2.54 cm was used as the slurry. All experiments were conducted at 30 ºC. The surface damage on elbows was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that material loss per unit area was greater at high slurry velocity and solid concentration. Corrosion pits were visible on the elbow surfaces at low slurry velocities, but pits were not formed at higher velocities. Mechanical damage was concluded to be
Open Access
A Hybrid Manufacturing Approach For Low Volume High Temperature Thermoplastic / Thermoset Material Molds
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Kalami, Hamed; Urbanic, Jill
The mold costs for low volume production molds can be expensive due to the mold material, the process planning time, and the fabrication costs. The focus of this research is to develop a methodology to fabricate molds for low volume production, where the production quantities vary between 1 – 200 components. For this application, the cycle time is not an issue. Employing an additive manufacturing solution could reduce the required amount of materials and the processing planning costs, but there are cost, or technology feasibility issues related to constructing a mold directly from a CAD file. Consequently, a hybrid manufacturing approach is taken where an AM process (material extrusion based) is used to create a sacrificial pattern for specialty, low cost, interchangeable inserts manufactured using an epoxy (Aremco 805). An over molding case study is carried out using a high temperature molding material - Technomelt-PA 7846 black. The pattern, insert, coating, and mold fabrication is discussed, as well as the initial results. The initial material cost estimates to fabricate this over molding solution is approximately $140 US. The durability of the RTV coating and the inserts needs to be determined to yield the final solution costs.
Open Access
Strategies For Improving Electrospinability Of Polysulfone
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Borojeni, Iman Azarian; Zhou, Biao; Eichhorn, S. Holger
The overall objective of this study is the fabrication of defect-free electrospun mats of polysulfone (PSU) for applications as a porous support for proton exchange membranes. Electrospinning of PSU from dimethylformamide (DMF) solution generated mats free of cast formation and over-wetting, but unspun droplets were frequently observed in the mats because the electrospun jet was unstable. A stable jet and a large reduction of beads in the electrospun mats were obtained with a mixture of 20 vol.% acetone in DMF. Subsequent optomization of the flow rate to 1.5 mL/h and the applied voltage to 14 kV generated electrospun mats free of any beads based on SEM analysis.
Open Access
Modeling Viscoelastomers With Nonlinear Viscosity
(CSME-SCGM, Jun-18) Zhou, Jianyou; Jiang, Liying; Khayat, Roger
Consisting of highly mobile and flexible polymer chains, elastomers are known to exhibit viscoelastic behavior. Adopting concepts from the theory of polymer dynamics and finite-deformation viscoelasticity, this work presents a micromacro constitutive model to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of elastomers, in which the material viscosity varies with the macroscopic deformation. The developed model is then applied to study the stress response of elastomers. From the simulation results, it is observed that the developed model exhibits strong capability of capturing the typical response behaviors of elastomers (e.g., strain-softening behavior). A comparison of the stress responses between linear and nonlinear viscosity is also considered in this work. The modeling framework in this paper is expected to provide a general approach and a platform to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of rubber-like materials with nonlinear viscosity.
Open Access
Investigation Of Fraying In Textile Reinforcements For Composites
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Badripour, Yousef; Robitaille, François
This paper discusses the fraying of textile reinforcements upon preforming. The paper also introduces a method for quantifying the fraying characteristics of fabrics. Six different fabrics including three carbon fabrics and three glass fabrics were tested. Digital microscopy was also used for measuring the structures of the fabrics tested. The relation between the structures and fraying is discussed.
Open Access
Effect Of The Interlacing Pattern On The Compaction Behaviour Of 3D Carbon Fibre Textile Reinforcements
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Salekrostam, Rasool; Robitaille, Francois
3D reinforcements were introduced to mitigate and overcome limitations arising from the use of traditional textile reinforcements in the construction of polymer matrix composites (PMC), in terms of their resistance to impact and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), both resulting from delamination.
Open Access
Influence Of Porosity And Alloy Addition On The Wear Behaviour Of A Sinter-Forged C45 Steel Using Taguchi Method
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Easwaran, Naveen; Narasimha, Sripada Raghavendra Kesava
Elemental powders of Atomized Iron (Fe), Carbon (C) and Molybdenum (Mo) were weighed and mixed in a pot mill to yield the composition of C45, C45-1%Mo and C45-2%Mo Steels, then compacted and sintered. The Sintered preforms had a density- 75% of the Theoretical Density. Then the Sintered preforms were subjected to densification to get two densities- 80% and 85% of the theoretical density through Forging. The sintered and densified preforms of alloy steels are subsequently machined to get the required test specimens. The experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disc Tribometer, conforming to ASTM G99 standards, on a rotating EN32 disc. Using Minitab 16 software, the Dry Sliding wear experiments were planned using L27 Orthogonal Array. The % Theoretical Density of the Specimens, % Mo Addition, Load and Sliding Speed were taken as input parameters, mass loss was the output parameter. It was observed that the increasing density of alloy steels adversely affects the wear resistance of the alloy steels and mass loss is increased. It was found that the addition of Mo significantly improves the wear resistance of the alloy steels irrespective of the densities due to hard phase carbides present in the microstructure. Empirical correlations for mass loss with respect to input parameters had been developed using Regression Analysis. In the case of Mo added alloy, Mo particulates embedded between the ferrite-pearlite grains are observed from the microstructure.
Open Access
Corrosion Performances Of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings On Az31B, Az80 And Zk60 Cast Mg Alloys
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Xue, Yuna; Pang, Xin; Jiang, Bailing; Jahed, Hamid
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology is attractive for the surface treatment of Mg alloys for diverse applications because it can be used to form adherent coatings with superior wear and corrosion resistance. In the present study, the corrosion protective MAO coatings were prepared on the AZ31B, AZ80 and ZK60 cast magnesium alloy at a constant current mode in an alkaline silicate electrolyte. Analysis of the surface and cross-section morphology, phase composition and microstructures of the MAO coatings and these three kinds of substrates was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The corrosion properties of the uncoated and MAO coated Mg alloys were investigated using advanced electrochemical methods including the open circuit potential (OCP) measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To further characterize the protectiveness of the MAO coating, the scribed MAO coated AZ31B and ZK60 alloy coupons were exposed to the continuous salt spray corrosion testing (SSCT) for 168 h. The experimental results show that the phase composition, the thickness and the microstructure of MAO coatings on different kinds of Mg alloys did not show any differences between them. While the MAO coating provides the best robust protection on the ZK60 Mg alloy substrate in the aqueous salt solution and continuous salt spray environments, the corrosion resistance increased by nearly three orders of magnitude as compared to uncoated Mg alloy.
Open Access
Low-Velocity Impact Response And Experimental Optimization Of Modified Fiber Metal Laminates With Integrated Mechanical Interlock Bonding System
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Nong, Tran-Vu; Letellier, Thomas; Elsayed, Mostafa
This paper presents a modified version of fiber metal laminates with integrated mechanical interlock bonding system for aerospace applications. Sheet metals of Al 2024-T3 with surface machined infinitesimal hooks are used along with impregnated glass fiber composites to manufacture a modified version of GLAss REinforced aluminum (GLARE). Low-velocity impact responses of the modified GLARE is examined using a drop weight impact testing machine at an impact energy of 7.5 J. To optimize the geometry of the machined hooks to maximize the modified GLARE low-velocity impact resistance, we developed and tested four configurations of modified GLARE with four variants of hooks’ geometry, including two hook sizes, namely, nano and micro and two hook profiles, namely, curved and straight. Impact tests show that modified GLARE with Straight Nano Hooks (SNH) have comparable dynamic responses to the standard GLARE (without hooks), while experiencing much less delamination and fiber damage. Microscopic inspection of the four configurations of modified GLARE also illustrates that SNHs generate modified GLARE with minimal manufacturing defects. The results obtained indicate that SNH is the optimum hook geometry for the development of modified GLARE. It can be considered as an alternative surface treatment for sheet metals in FML development process as it offers a modified version of the material with comparable impact responses to those manufactured by the industrial standard methodology but at a fraction of production cost.
Open Access
Evaluation Of Anti-Icing Polymer Coatings
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Tepylo, Nick; Huang, Xiao; Budinger, Marc; Rouset, Pierrick; Pommier-Budinger, Valérie
Ice accumulation on aircraft, wind turbines and power lines can have detrimental effects, including efficiency reduction, mechanical failures and the creation of safety hazards. The aim of this study is to investigate the ice adhesion and wear resistance of three hydrophobic and icephobic coatings applied onto an aluminum substrate. Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) coating was deposited using a plasma spray method while advanced liquid glass (ALG) and silicone R-2180 were both applied using dipping followed by furnace curing. Water was applied and frozen between both bare and coated surfaces using a custom built jig at -20 °C for 24 hours. The ice adhesion strength was measured using a lap shear test done inside an insulated chamber. The results showed low ice adhesion strengths for both ALG and silicone R-2180 coatings when compared to the bare surface. It was also found the silicone R-2180 coating had a higher wear rate than both the ETFE and ALG coatings. By combining icephobic coatings with an ultrasonic de-icing system, the power required by the system can be reduced, creating a low-powered active approach to the de-icing problem.
Open Access
A Finite Element Model To Predict The Effect Of Porosity On Elastic Modulus In Low Porosity Materials
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Morrissey, Liam; Nakhla, Sam
The effect of porosity on elastic modulus in low porosity materials is investigated. First, several models used to predict the reduction in elastic modulus due to porosity are compared with a compilation of experimental data to determine their ranges of validity and accuracy. The overlapping solid spheres model is found to be most accurate with the experimental data and valid between 3-10% porosity. Next, a FEM is developed with the objective of demonstrating that a macroscale plate with a center hole can be used to model the effect of microscale porosity on elastic modulus. The FEM agrees best with the overlapping solid spheres model and shows higher accuracy with experimental data than the overlapping solid spheres model.
Open Access
Development Of Raw And Treated Flax Straw For Oil Spill Cleanup
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Ghasemi, Pooya; Cree, Duncan; Ulrich, Alvin
An oil spill is a critical problem and appears to have increased in the number of incidence over the past decade. There are several methods for oil spill cleanups. One method is called sorption using either synthetic or natural sorbents. Synthetic sorbents are harmful to the environment as they create another form of waste for nature. This gives rise to evaluate a more environmentally friendly natural sorbent. This research represents the results of study carried out to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment (acetylation) on properties of flax straw as a natural fiber. Sorption capacity of untreated and chemically treated flax straw was examined. It was found that performing the acetylation treatment on flax straw, significantly increases oil sorption capacity in both light and heavy oil by 41% and 22% respectively and also decreases their water uptake by 5%. Moreover, by decreasing the particle size (to 0.6 mm) of the chopped flax straw, the oil sorption capacity increases. This research contributes to a greater understanding of flax straw properties for potential remediation and reclamation applications, representing the possibility of turning the available waste material into a valuable oil sorbent.
Open Access
The Spanwise Variation Of Roof-Level Turbulence In A Street Canyon Flow
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Jaroslawski, Tomek; Savory, Eric; Perret, Laurent; Blackman, Karin
The effect of upstream roughness on turbulent street canyon flow is presented. Horizontal measurements were conducted at near roof level of a street canyon using particle image velocimetry in a wind tunnel. Three upstream roughness arrays and two canyon width to height aspect ratios (W / h = 1 and 3) were investigated. The arrays consisted of 3D cubes (plan area density, lp = 25%), 1h spaced 2D bars skimming flow, lp = 50%) and 3h spaced 2D bars (wake interference flow, lp = 25%). Two-point correlations and integral length scales are computed over the different configurations. The results show a significant effect of upstream roughness on these quantities. It was found that a 3D upstream roughness has a significantly weaker correlation in the spanwise direction. A similar trend is observed in spanwise integral length scales. The shear layer boundary was found to be related to the strength of the correlations near roof level of the street canyon.