CSME Conference Proceedings (May 27-30, 2018)

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Open Access
3D Dynamical Model For Liquid Sloshing Simulation In A Partially Filled Elliptical Tank
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Noui, Omar; Bouazara, Mohamed; Richard, Marc J.
Many of 2D mechanical models have been devel-oped to simulate liquid sloshing of a partially filled tank with different shapes. However, those models didn’t represent properly the complex liquid motion, especially in the case of portable tanks. Indeed, forces exerted on the liquid can be lat-eral, longitudinal and vertical. Then, liquid displacement and pressure forces applied to the tank walls are undervalued and may cause design flaws. In this case, 2D mechanical models are ineffective for liquid motion simulation. In previous studies, a 3D equivalent mechanical model has been developed. This dy-namical model is used to simulate different liquid motion in a partially filled tank that consider any sort of excitement forces and get more accurate results in terms of displacements and pressure forces. In this study, a brief description of the new dy-namical model is given, including the liquid discretization pro-cess, stiffness and damping coefficients computing method and equations of motion. Afterward, the model is applied to an el-liptical cross section tank to obtain displacement and pressure forces of the liquid. Finally, the results are compared to the lit-erature.
Open Access
3D Numerical Study Of Hill Mounted VAWT
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Belabes, Belkacem; Paraschivoiu, Marius
The ground topography effect on the wind flow is significant. The knowledge of the flow behavior near ground is crucial in the development of wind power, especially in the choice of suitable sites and for estimation of energy production. In this paper, the numerical prediction of the flow over a three-dimensional hill model and the analysis of placement of Savonius turbines on top of the hill are presented. The numerical analysis is based on the finite volume method implemented in the ANSYS CFX 15 Software using the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The numerical results for a conventional Savonius rotor and a vertical-axis spiral wind rotor are both satisfactory compared with experimental data. The performances of these turbines, installed on the hilltop, are studied for different height positions. Furthermore, the influence of the hill size on the extracted power is investigated. At TSR=1, the power coefficient of a conventional rotor is increased from 0.15 to 0.32 when the rotor is installed at a height of 0.25 m above the top of the hill, while it reaches 0.40 when the hill is two to three times higher. The helical Savonius rotor tested gives even higher power coefficient of 0.44.
Open Access
3D Printing Of Metallic Structures From A Green Ink
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Xu, Chao; Bouchemit, Arslane; L'Espérance, Gilles; Lebel, Louis Laberge; Therriault, Daneil
A green metallic ink is developed for 3D printing of metallic structures featuring high mechanical and electrical performances. The metallic ink consists of steel micro powders and a water-based chitosan/acetic acid polymer solution which replaces the previously used toxic polylactic acid (PLA)/dichloromethane (DCM) polymer solution. The optimized ink is printed at room temperature to build a metal/polymer hybrid structure. While printing, a fan is used to blow air over the ink filament upon extrusion to accelerate the solvent evaporation and shorten the solidification time, which significantly reduces the sagging and deformation. After a drying period at ambient conditions, the as-printed structure is then thermally treated using a furnace. The polymer binder is decomposed and the metal powders are sintered, resulting in a strong metallic structure. Melted copper is infiltrated into the sintered structure to achieve a fully dense metal/metal hybrid structure. The sintered structure exhibits high stiffness (205 GPa), electrical conductivity (9 × 105 S/m) and low filament porosity (7%).
Open Access
Adaptive Yaw Control Of Three-Axle Road Vehicles Based On Mass, Yaw Inertia And Cg Position Identification
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Zhang, Yubiao; Woo, Ami; Khajepour, Amir
This paper introduces an adaptive yaw control scheme based on the estimation of the vehicle mass, yaw inertia and center of gravity (CG) position. The control deigns for three-axle road vehicles, which can be trucks, buses, or even three-axle passenger cars. System parameters of these vehicles vary significantly due to varying conditions, such as unloading and fully-loading of payloads. As a result, control references and fixed-model-based controller lose efficacy. The proposed adaptive yaw control compensates these issues, utilizing the integration of a least-square based parameter identification algorithm and a Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) law. Simulation test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control scheme.
Open Access
Adsorbent-Adsorbate Pairs for Solar Thermal Energy Storage in Residential Heating Applications: A Comparative Study
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Narwal, Kapil; Kempers, Roger; O'Brien, Paul G.
This paper investigates the feasibility of using different adsorbent-adsorbate pairs in a thermal energy storage cycle to store solar energy for residential heating applications in Canada. Silica gel, activated carbon, activated aluminum, zeolite-4A, zeolite-5A and zeolite-13X adsorbents paired with methanol and water adsorbates are considered. Calculations are made to determine the volume, mass and cost of the adsorbent-adsorbate pair required to heat a house with four occupants. Zeolite 4A-water and zeolite 13X-water pairs are found to be the most economic (with an actual cost of 285 CAD and 374 CAD, respectively) and efficient (maximum heat of adsorption) adsorbent-adsorbate pairs with the minimum mass required, (290 kg and 226 kg, respectively) to meet the spatial heating requirements of the house.
Open Access
Advanced Exergy Analysis Of Licl-H2O Absorption Air Conditioning System
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Aman, Julia; Henshaw, Paul; Ting, David S-K
Increasing energy demand for air conditioning due to climate change is posing a continuous threat to the environment. Absorption air-conditioning systems driven by solar thermal or waste heat energy are an alternative for providing cooling comfort in a sustainable manner. The crystallization problem of high performance LiBr-H2O absorption cooling system hinders its small-scale applications. In this study, the potential of a 10 kW LiCl-H2O absorption refrigeration system is discussed and analyzed. The new concept of advanced exergy analysis is coupled with conventional thermodynamic analyses, which provides the available potential of each component for overall system performance improvement. The analyses uncovered that only 45% of the total exergy loss is due to each component’s own internal irreversibilities, whereas the remaining is through the interaction of the irreversibilities of other components in the system. The analyses also reveal that 43% of the total exergy loss is unavoidable and 57% can be reduced by improving the overall system efficiency.
Open Access
Analysis Of A Low-Cost Sensor Towards An Emg-Based Robotic Exoskeleton Controller
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Bauer, Georgeta; Pan, Ya-Jun; Adamson, Robert
This paper describes the evaluation of the MyoWare Electromyographic (EMG) sensor performance during a typical end-use application to help determine if it could be used for an EMG-based controller of an upper-limb robotic exoskeleton. Tests were conducted to study the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a series of experiments were performed to determine the sensor’s capability of capturing key EMG signal features while a subject performed bicep curls. LabVIEW was used for data collection and processing, and Matlab was used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that the SNR was between 10dB and 33dB for the average peak root mean square (RMS) EMG, and between 1dB and 27dB for the average voluntary contraction (AVC) EMG which – except for one case – were all above the acceptable level in the field. The validation of the sensor performance showed a correlation consistent with literature between the force exerted and the RMS EMG signal under both dynamic and static loading. These initial results indicate that the MyoWare EMG sensor could be used in a more advanced robotic exoskeleton EMG-based controller beyond its current popular use as an EMG-level threshold-based ON/OFF switch.
Open Access
Analysis Of Thermal Losses In Air-Water Interfacial Solar Heating Systems
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Wang, Shuzhe; O'Brien, Paul G.
This paper reports a numerical analysis of solar-driven seawater desalination systems with two configurations: a floating photo-thermal film at the air-water interface with and without an insulation layer located beneath its surface. Heat transfer processes from the film including conduction, convection and radiation have been evaluated at different film temperatures to determine the relative contributions of different heat loss mechanisms from the film. Convective heat transferred to the bulk seawater is found to be the dominant heat loss path, and can be reduced from 6.95 ×10⁷ J/m2∙h to 8.77 × 10⁵J/^m²∙h, a difference of almost two orders of magnitude, by inserting an insulation layer beneath the photo-thermal film. Thus, the addition of an insulating layer is suggested as an important design component to effectively minimize heat losses in air-water interfacial solar heating systems.
Open Access
Analytical heat conduction model of annular composite fins
(May-18) Feng, Cheng; Ygeswaran, Subramaniam; Gibbons, Michael; Chandra, Sanjeev
A two-dimensional analytical heat conduction model of an annular composite fin has been carried out. The composite fins composed of a porous polyethylene core, a square aluminum insert, and metallic zinc coating layers, was fabricated using wire-arc spraying technology. Analytical solutions of temperature distribution, energy dissipation and fin efficiency through the fins at natural convection condition have been proposed.
Open Access
Anisotropic Fatigue Modeling Of Wrought Magnesium Alloys
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Pahlevanpour, Amirhossein; Behravesh, Seyed Behzad; Jahed, Hamid
The merit of Jahed-Varvani (JV) as an energy-based model and Smith-Watson-Toper (SWT) as a critical plane fatigue model are assessed for three wrought magnesium alloys. The raw data, including the stabilized strain-stress hysteresis loops and strain-life curves, was collected from the literature. The SWT model provided more scattered predictions than the JV model, which suggests that the JV model is more appropriate for fatigue modeling of wrought magnesium alloys, that exhibit anisotropic and asymmetric behavior. A discussion justifies the differences between the predictions of the two models. Eventually, the life of the materials in different directions is predicted by one set of JV parameters, which was previously extracted for AM30 in the transverse direction. The promising results provide supplementary support for the auspicious capability of strain energy density as a damage parameter for wrought magnesium alloys.
Open Access
Application Of FBG Optical Sensors To In-Situ Monitoring The Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour Of Cold Spray Coated Samples
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Marzbanrad, Bahareh; Ahmed, Farid; Jahed, Hamid; Toyserkani, Ehsan
In this research, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is employed for monitoring thermal and mechanical strain induced by severe plastic deformation during high thermal and mechanical strain rate of cold spray technique. The FBG sensors are embedded in magnesium alloy substrates and the strain evolutions of the substrates are recorded during the cold gas spray coating process. In these experiments, the localized transient thermo-mechanical strain induced in the close vicinity of the substrate surface is monitored. Qualitative analysis of the complicated spectra shapes obtained during coating and cooling processes demonstrates the repeatability and sensitivity of the sensors in this condition. In addition, the obtained result from FBG sensors reveals the existence of compressive strain in the substrate near the interface during peening; however, it is released after a few second because of the high impact temperature of cold spray coating.
Open Access
Application Of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor For Strain Measurement At The Notch Tip Under Cyclic Loading
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Pahlevanpour, Amirhossein; Marzbanrad, Bahareh; Behravesh, Seyed Behzad; Jahed, Hamid
Notches are inevitable in many components and structures due to design limitations. In addition, they are the locations for stress concentration and are susceptible to fatigue failure. As a result, the cyclic stress/strain response at a notch is of key importance. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have been successfully utilized for mechanical and thermo-mechanical strain measurement in many cases; nevertheless, their capability of measuring strain at spots with intensive stress/strain has not yet been explored. In this research, FBG sensors are employed for strain measurement at the notch tip. A verification test was designed to substantiate the FBG measurements. The test involves a rectangular magnesium sheet with a center hole, subjected to uniaxial cyclic loading while the strain was measured at the notch tip using three different methods: strain gage, digital image correlation (DIC), and FBG. There were good agreements between the three measurements.
Open Access
Assessment of Aliphatic Based Soot Inception in Laminar Diffusion Flames
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Ceranic, Nemanja; Dworkin, Seth B.
Soot models are key components of computation fluid dynamic combustion codes that attempt to prescribe how soot is formed. However, due to the complex nature of soot formation, not all pathways may have been fully characterized. This work investigates numerically the influence that an aliphatic-collision (open-chain hydrocarbon) based soot inception model has on soot formation for coflow ethylene/air and methane/air laminar diffusion flames. In the literature, prediction of the soot volume fraction along the centerline of coflow ethylene flames is lacking in accuracy. Similarly for methane flames, soot formation on the wings are under predicted by many models. A new collision based inception model has been developed for specific aliphatics, and applied using an existing framework for molecular collision, in conjunction with pyrene based inception. The purpose of this model is not to be completely fundamental in nature, but more so a proof of concept in that by using physically realistic values for surface reactivity and collision efficiency, this collision mechanism can account for soot formation deficiencies that exist with just polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) based inception. Using this new model, the peak soot volume fraction along the centerline of an ethylene flame can be increased while the peak soot volume fraction along the wings remains unchanged, showing potential to significantly improve the model’s predicative capability. Applying this model to a methane flame has resulted in an increase in the soot volume fraction in both the centerline and the wings, again improving predictive capability.
Open Access
Automation In High Throughput/Content Screening For Cancer Stem Cell Drug Discovery
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Sachlos, Eleftherios
Open Access
Bearing Fault Signature Extraction Under Time-Varying Speed Conditions Via Oscillatory Behavior-Based Signal Decomposition (Obsd)
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Huang, Huan; Baddour, Natalie; Liang, Miang
Oscillatory Behavior-based Signal Decomposition (OBSD) is a new technique which decomposes a signal according to oscillatory behavior, instead of frequency bands. It has been used for bearing fault signature extraction under constant speed conditions, where the bearing fault-induced vibration signal can be regarded as a low oscillatory component and the interference can be regarded as a high oscillatory component. However, its effectiveness for bearing fault signature extraction under time-varying speed conditions has not been evaluated. Theoretically, the OBSD is a frequency-independent method and should thus be effective under time-varying speed conditions. In this paper, the performance of the OBSD for bearing fault signature extraction under time-varying speed conditions is examined. The results show that the OBSD can be effectively utilized to extract the bearing fault signature under time-varying speed conditions.
Open Access
Buckling And Post Buckling Behavior For Unsymmetrical Laminates Part I: Curing Cycle
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Elruby, A. Y.; Ahmed, Tawsif; Nakhla, Sam
This is the first of two companion papers that examine the elastic buckling and post-buckling behavior of thin unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. When cured in a flat mold these panels possess two cylindrical equilibrium configurations. From stability perspective this problem is identified as a bifurcation buckling problem. As explained in literature thermal mismatch between plies and existing geometric imperfections triggered this behavior. Therefore, and according to Koiter it is necessary to measure and account for these geometric imperfections to accurately predict the cured shapes. Since imperfection measurement is challenging and cannot be possible in the stage of design. This work applies a unified finite element methodology based on Koiter’s theory to predict the cured shapes. This methodology is consistently applied in commonly used finite element computer codes, ABAQUS, ANSYS and LS-DYNA, and their predictions are compared.
Open Access
Buckling And Post Buckling Behavior For Unsymmetrical Laminates Part II: Stability Characteristics
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Ahmed, Tawsif; Elruby, A. Y.; Nakhla, Sam
This is the second of two companion papers that examine the elastic buckling and post buckling behavior of unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. The existence of geometric imperfection and thermal mismatch between plies result in these panels to retain two equilibrium configurations despite being cured in a flat mold. These equilibrium configurations conform to cylindrical shapes of orthogonal and opposite curvatures. Under externally applied load a panel undergoes snap-through behavior from one equilibrium shape to the other. The unified finite element methodology based on Koiter’s theory and presented in the first companion paper is extended to predict the required force responsible for snap-through behavior. Accordingly, ABAQUS, ANSYS and LS-DYNA finite element codes are used to predict the critical snap-through forces and their predictions are compared.
Open Access
Buckling Paradox And Anisotropic Plastic Plate Bifurcation
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Shrivastava, Surersh
Anisotropic elastic/plastic plate bifurcation is investigated. The pre-bifurcation loading consists of biaxial stresses along ξν axes parallel to the sides of a simply supported rectangular plate: ννξξσασ=,11α−≤≤. The ξν axes are at an angle βwith the xy principal axes of anisotropy. Analytical variational method is used together with Hill’s theory of anisotropic strain-hardening plasticity. Bifurcation stresses are determined for the anisotropic, and the classical isotropic incremental and deformation theories of plasticity, for equibiaxial compression(1)α=, equal compression and tension(1)α=−, and uniaxial (0)α=cases. The plastic plate buckling paradox is examined for each of the cases.
Open Access
Changes In The Leidenfrost Transition Point During The Evaporation Of Water And N-Heptane Droplets On Hot, Porous Stainless Steel Surfaces
(CSME-SCGM, May-18) Lipson, Nick; Chandra, Sanjeev
The impact and evaporation of droplets impinging on a heated porous substrate is relevant to applications such as fire suppression by sprinkler systems, spray cooling of heated surfaces, and the deposition of fuel droplets on combustor walls. Design involving these sub systems requires an understanding of the heat and mass transfer between the droplet and porous surface. An experimental study was done in which pure water and n-heptane droplets were deposited onto porous, stainless steel surfaces made from sintered powders with varying pore size (5 μm and 100 μm). n-Heptane was chosen to compare the effects of surface tension on the evaporation process. Initial surface temperatures were varied from 60°C to 300°C. Results were compared with those for droplet evaporation on a solid, impermeable stainless steel surface. On porous surfaces, it is difficult to determine when a droplet has completely evaporated from video images, since liquid penetrates into the surface pores. At low wall temperatures (60°C to 120°C), droplet evaporation was measured by placing the heated surface on a digital scale and recording the weight decrease as a function of time. At high wall temperatures (above 120°C), video techniques were employed to capture evaporation times. At high wall temperatures, the porous surfaces were the most effective at vaporizing both the pure water, and n-heptane droplets, resulting in the lowest evaporation times. At low wall temperatures the porous surfaces became less effective at transferring heat to both the water and n-heptane. For n-heptane the evaporation times increased on the porous surfaces as compared to the impermeable surface. Similar results could be seen with the water on the 100 μm surface. The Leidenfrost transition point was shown to increase with porosity. Droplet levitation was not achieved with the water on the porous surfaces, however due to the lower heat of vaporization of n-heptane it was achieved on the 5 μm and 100 μm substrates at surface temperatures of 225°C and 285°C respectively.
Open Access
Characterization Of The Electrodes Of DEP-Based Micro-Separator
(May-18) Dalili, Arash; Taatizadeh, Erfan; Hoorfar, Mina
In recent years, advances in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices has led to separation, sorting and manipulation of cells and particles on miniaturized devices. Among the different mechanisms that have been used in this regard, dielectrophoresis (DEP) offers high controllability on the particles, provides high throughput, and is tunable. Due to these advantages, DEP is used in this paper for the design of a micro-separator. To optimize the geometry of such a separator, COMSOL Multiphysics® is used to simulate the electric field with the goal of achieving the highest performance in cell separation. For a DEP-based micro-separator, two inclined rectangle planar electrodes are considered. The effect of the width of each one of these electrodes as well as the gap between them on the DEP force is investigated to find the optimum design.