Computer Engineering

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https://hdl.handle.net/10315/30135

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Open Access
A High-Speed and Low-Noise Nanopore Amplifier and Event Detector
(2024-11-07) Huang, Yiyun; Magierowski, Sebastian
This thesis focus on the design of an improved-accuracy algorithm for real-time nanopore-based signal detection (e.g. base calling) and high-speed nanopore signal measurement circuits with low-noise. First, the proposed approach is based on the cumulative sum technique but employs a decision-directed policy coupled with a post-decision correction mechanism to achieve at least a 10× accuracy improvement over a previously reported method. As a result the new technique can better accommodate high-speed embedded nanopore measurement applications such as DNA sequencing. For the circuit design, we apply the CMOS technology since the nanopore-based molecular sensing affords a close coupling between DNA sequencing and semiconductor signal processing. The key analog front-end components of such an ASIC are described herein. In particular, the design of a 3-MHz 130-nm CMOS front-end with reduced area, 2× reduction in power, and 25% noise improvement compare with state of-the-art designs.
Open Access
Does Motion Matter?: Comparing Locomotion Interfaces in Virtual Environments Using Presence in Decision-Making Tasks
(2021-03-08) Kuo, Cyan; Allison, Robert
Virtual environments can replicate the appearance of terrain, but walking interfaces can confer sensations in other modalities incongruent with the visual presentation, and might therefore affect navigation decisions. I present a framework for examining the interaction of different locomotion interfaces with visual information and their effect on navigation decisions in virtual environments and present an experiment using this framework. For each trial in the experiment, participants moved towards a goal in a virtual room along one of two paths which differed visually, using either a joystick or a walking-in-place metaphor. Walking-in-place locomotion interfaces tended to be more natural under some visual conditions, as reflected in an increased likelihood of selecting the ecologically preferred path. The novel framework provides a way of studying factors in perceptual decision-making and demonstrates the effect of interface on natural behaviour.
Open Access
Understanding and Optimizing Python-Based Applications - A Case Study on PYPY
(2019-11-22) Li, Yangguang; Jiang, ZhenMing
Python is nowadays one of the most popular programming languages. It has been used extensively for rapid prototyping and developing real-world applications. Unfortunately, very few empirical studies were conducted on Python-based applications. There are various Python implementations (e.g., CPython, and PyPy). Among them, PyPy is generally the fastest due to PyPy's efficient tracing-based Just-in-Time (JIT) compiler. Understanding how PyPy has been evolved and the rationale behind its high performance would be very useful for Python application developers and researchers. In the first part of the thesis, we conducted a replication study on mining the historical code changes' of PyPy and compared our findings against Python-based applications from five other application domains. In the second part, we conducted a detailed empirical study on the performance impact of the JIT configuration settings of PyPy. The findings and the techniques in this thesis will be useful for Python application developers and researchers.
Open Access
Factors for Interactive Liquid Perception in Augmented Reality on Mobile Devices
(2019-07-02) Fung, Brandon; Allison, Robert
Augmented reality (AR) is one of the hottest things with Apple and Google trying to capture people's interests and wonder. Given these new needs, there have not been much on what the best thing to do when creating these experiences. Thus in my work, I investigate the best way to bring believable virtual interactive liquids into the real world. Believability is what the user would feel is a more representative of a liquid in real life even when the liquid is virtual. Therefore, I examine three factors for virtual liquids, namely the dynamics and texturing of the liquid and the real world lighting. This works finds that motion models are the most important factor for humans to believe that the virtual fluid in AR is a liquid regardless of angles. This allow developers to focus on the motion models rather than any other factors when creating new experiences in AR.
Open Access
Subjective Assessment of Image Compression Artefacts on Stereoscopic Display
(2019-03-05) Mohona, Sanjida Sharmin; Allison, Robert
Image and video quality are important to depict any pictorial information vividly and correctly. With the advancement of technology, we can produce high-quality images and can display those in advanced high-resolution displays. But as high-quality images continue to increase in size, transmitting these exceeds the limited bandwidth of display links. To cope, we need to compress the images but desire that the user cannot perceive any difference between the compressed and uncompressed images. In my thesis, psychophysical experiments with a flicker paradigm were undertaken to do a subjective assessment of the visibility of compression artefacts of two sets of images with two codecs viewed on a stereoscopic display. For one set of images the result shows that artefacts can be silenced in some stereo images relative to 2D while testing with the other set of images was inconclusive. This thesis documented evidence for silencing of artefacts in 3D displays. Other differences between stereoscopic and 2D presentation can be predicted but were not observed here (perhaps due to floor effects). Further large-scale subjective assessment with challenging images may help to get a concrete conclusion.
Open Access
Applications of Utility-Scale Power to Gas Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grids
(2019-03-05) Samiullah, Hemayatullah; Farag, Hany E. Z.
ABSTRACT This thesis aims to develop the engineering tools required to simulate, design, and optimize the operation of utility-scale power to gas (PtG) energy storage. First, a co-simulation platform for power and gas distribution networks is developed. The co-simulation platform could help quantifying the role of PtG technology in shaping the future of power distribution systems. Using the co-simulation platform, several research studies can be carried out such as operation scheduling and planning of power and gas networks. Second, a new formulation is developed for the optimal design i.e., sizing, of PtG energy storage. The developed formulation aims at minimizing the capital and operation costs of PtG and maximizing the harvested power during periods of surplus. Third, a new mathematical formulation is proposed for the optimal production scheduling of hydrogen to supply fuel cell buses. The proposed formulation takes into account the operation requirements of both power distribution and electric bus transit networks.
Open Access
Operation of Over-Current Relays During Double-Phase Operation Mode of Power Distribution Systems
(2018-11-21) Hajiseyedolia, Seyedahmad; Hooshyar, Ali
Power system reliability is one of the objectives of every electric utility. Statistical analyses of faults in power systems demonstrate that most of the faults are asymmetrical, most commonly, single-phase to ground. Despite conventional breakers, modern breakers are capable of disconnecting the faulted phase(s). Disconnection of the faulted phase(s) increases the reliability of the system. However, a disconnected faulty phase can cause different challenges for distribution system. These challenges for distribution systems adversely affect the operation of protective devices. In this research, the effects of operating the distribution system with a disconnected phase double-phase operation mode (DPOM)on operation of over-current relays are analyzed. A new method for setting the relays properly during DPOM is presented. In this method, two type of settings, called "prompt settings" and "optimum settings" are presented. The methodology evaluation results prove that the method is capable of re-coordinating the relays during DPOM.
Open Access
Implementation Of A Novel Cooperative Protocol for Distributed Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks
(2018-08-27) Qamar, Rabbia; Aboelaze, Mokhtar
Microgrids are small localized grids that help to integrate many renewable-energy sources into the main electric grid. Microgrids can also operate separately from the main electric grid during faults to enhance the customers reliability. For a successful integration of microgrids we need to control the voltage at the distributed generation units in order to achieve the required sharing of reactive power. For this purpose a multiagent based distributed control scheme is implemented in this thesis. The objective of this thesis is to design and implement a multiagent system for the microgrid that has distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) and renewable distributed generation (DG) units. The proposed multiagent system has been designed to coordinate among distributed generation (DG) units to control voltage. Multiagent system is composed of multiple agents that communicate to solve problems. The proposed multiagent system for the control of microgrid has been implemented on Texas Instruments Tiva-C controller boards. The real time simulator Opal-RT has been used to create a microgrid model. Hardware testing is done in real time.
Open Access
A Quasi-Resonant Bidirectional Converter with Soft-Switching Operation for Energy Storage Applications
(2018-08-27) Aggarwal, Devina; Lam, John
The increased penetration of renewable energy power systems to produce clean and sustainable energy has led to the increased usage of various types of energy storage devices, such as high power density battery technologies, flywheel energy storage and super-capacitors. Energy storage devices are essential in any renewable generation systems to ensure providing uninterruptible and reliable power. Typically, a power electronic converter is required to serve as the intermediary between the common grid in a renewable energy system and the energy storage device. To be specific, the power converter must be able to facilitate bidirectional power flow between the grid and the energy storage device. Since the voltage level of the energy storage device is often much lower than the grid voltage level, the bidirectional converter must ensure that the voltage level can be stepped up or down efficiently as per the system requirements depending on the direction of the power flow. In this thesis, a unique quasi-resonant bidirectional converter topology is proposed for energy storage application. The proposed circuit only requires two switches to achieve bidirectional power flow. Hence, compared to the conventional dual-active bridge (DAB) based bidirectional converter topologies that require 8 switches, the total number of active switching devices required the proposed topology is greatly reduced. In addition, both switches in the proposed topology are able to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on and zero current switching (ZCS) turn-off to minimize the switching power losses without using additional auxiliary circuits. The operating principles and design equations of the proposed circuit will be discussed in details in this thesis. An extended version of the proposed topology that employs a modular design structure for high power application is also presented and discussed. Simulation results and experimental works on a proof-of-concept hardware prototype are given to highlight the performance of the proposed bidirectional converter.
Open Access
Autonomous Trail Following
(2018-05-28) Sefid, Masoud Hoveidar; Jenkin, Michael R.
Trails typically lack standard markers that characterize roadways. Nevertheless, trails are useful for off-road navigation. Here, trail following problem is approached by identifying the deviation of the robot from the heading direction of the trail by fine-tuning a pre-trained Inception-V3 [1] network. Key questions considered in this work include the required number, nature and geometry of the cameras and how trail types -- encoded in pre-existing maps -- can be exploited in addressing this task. Through evaluation of representative image datasets and on-robot testing we found: (i) that although a single camera cannot estimate angular deviation from the heading direction, but it can reliably detect that the robot is, or is not, following the trail; (ii) that two cameras pointing towards the left and the right can be used to estimate heading reliably within a differential framework; (iii) that trail nature is a useful tool for training networks for different trail types.
Open Access
What's Missing in your Shopping Cart? A Set Based Recommendation Method for "Cold-Start" Prediction
(2018-03-01) Zhou, Yubo; Xu, Jia
This thesis studies the problem of predicting the missing items in the current user's session when there is no additional side information available. Many recommender systems fail in general to provide a precise set of recommendations to users with limited interaction history. This issue is regarded as the "Cold Start" problem and is typically resolved by switching to content-based approaches which require additional information. In this thesis, we use a dimensionality reduction algorithm, Word2Vec under the framework of Collaborative Filtering to tackle the "Cold Start" problem using only implicit data . We have named this combined method: Embedded Collaborative Filtering ECF. We are able to show that the ECF approach outperforms other popular state-of-the-art approaches in "Cold Start" scenarios by 2-10% regarding recommendation precision. In the experiment, we also show that the proposed method is 10 times faster in generating recommendations comparing to the Collaborative Filtering baseline method.
Open Access
RTOS Control of Hardware Processes
(2017-07-28) Atiwa, Sumaia; Aboelaze, Mokhtar
In this thesis, adding hardware-process support to Microcontroller Real-time Operating System Version 2 (MicroC/OS-II) is proposed. MicroC/OS-II is a hard real-time operating system (RTOS), mostly written in the C programming language. MicroC/OS-II is designed to manage limited resources within embedded systems, and it can only execute and control software processes performed in the same processor system. MicroC/OS-II has been modified in order to manage external hardware processes. These hardware processes are implemented on a Nexys 3 Spartan-6 FPGA Board. In this thesis, MicroC/OS-II is already ported to run on an EVBplus HCS12 development board with CodeWarrior Embedded Software Development Tools from Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Modifications are applied on MicroC/OS-II interrupt system to manage hardware processes, and SPI protocol and parallel interface are set up to communicate between the HCS12 trainer and the FPGA board. The work is illustrated by designing a satellite attitude controller, using variable structure control (VSC).
Open Access
Shape Perception of Clear Water in Photo-Realistic Images
(2017-07-27) Sultana, Arhum; Allison, Robert
Light plays a vital role in the perception of transparency, depth and shape of liquids. The perception of the surfaces of liquids is made possible with an understanding of refraction of light and knowledge of the underlying texture geometry. Given this, what specific characteristics of the natural optical environment are essential to the perception of transparent liquids, specifically with respect to efficiency and realism? In this thesis, a light path triangulation method for the recovery of transparent surface shape and a system to estimate the perceived shape of any arbitrary-shaped object with a refractive surface are proposed. A psycho-physical experiment was conducted to investigate this using the perceived shape of water from stereo images using a real time stereoscopic 3-D depth gauge. The results suggest that people are able to consistently perceive shape of liquids from photo-realistic images and that regularity in underlying texture facilitates human judgement of surface shape.
Open Access
Nonnegative Code Division Multiple Access Techniques in Molecular Communication
(2017-07-27) Wang, Linchen; Eckford, Andrew W.
In molecular communication, two types of multiple access have been studied: time division and molecule division. In this work, we consider code division multiple access. However, unlike code division multiple access that has been used for electromagnetic signals, we investigate optical code division multiple access: since molecular signals have the same non-negativity feature as optical signals, this scheme is a promising solution for molecular communication. In this thesis, we perform experiments and set up simulation models which match these experiments. Moreover, using simulations, we find the features of optical code division multiple access for molecular communication. Our results include an optimal information transmission scheme, and an algorithm to decode molecular information signals. Finally, we demonstrate reliable communication with multiple access by using this scheme.
Open Access
Voltage and Reactive Power Control in Islanded Microgrids
(2017-07-27) El-Taweel, Nader Ashraf Abd El-Fattah; Farag, Hany E. Z.
Previous studies put on view lots of advantages and concerns for islanded microgrids (IMGs), whether it is initiated for emergency, intentionally planned or permanent island system purposes. From the concerns that have not been addressed yet, such as: 1) The ability of the distributed generation (DG) units to maintain equal reactive power sharing in a distribution system; 2) The ability of the DG units to maintain acceptable voltage boundary in the entire IMG; 3) The functionality of the existing voltage and reactive power (Volt/Var) DG, this thesis analyzes the complexity of voltage regulations in droop-controlled IMGs. A new multi-agent algorithm is proposed to satisfy the reactive power sharing and the voltage regulation requirements of IMGs. Also, the operation conflicts between DG units and Volt/Var controllers, such as shunt capacitors (SCs) and load-ratio control transformer (LRT) during the IMG mode of operation, are investigated in this thesis. Further, a new local control scheme for SCs and LRTs has been proposed to mitigate their operational challenges in IMGs.
Open Access
Embedded CMOS Basecalling for Nanopore DNA Sequencing
(2017-07-27) Wang, Chengjie; Magierowski, Sebastian; Ghafar-Zadeh, Ebrahim
DNA sequencing is undergoing a profound evolution into a mobile technology. Unfortunately the effort needed to process the data emerging from this new sequencing technology requires a compute power only available to traditional desktop or cloud-based machines. To empower the full potential of portable DNA solutions a means of efficiently carrying out their computing needs in an embedded format will certainly be required. This thesis presents the design of a custom fixed-point VLSI hardware implementation of an HMM-based multi-channel DNA sequence processor. A 4096 state (6-mer nanopore sensor) basecalling architecture is designed in a 32-nm CMOS technology with the ability to process 1 million DNA base pairs per second per channel. Over a 100 mm^2 silicon footprint the design could process the equivalent of one human genome every 30 seconds at a power consumption of around 5 W.
Open Access
Characterizing and Improving Logging Practices in Java-based Open Source Software Projects - A Large-scale Case Study in Apache Software Foundation
(2017-07-27) Chen, Boyuan; Jiang, Zhen Ming
Log messages (generated by logging code) contain rich information about the runtime behavior of software systems. Although more logging code can provide more context of the system's behavior, it is undesirable to include too much logging code. Yuan et al. performed the first empirical study on characterizing the logging. In the first part of the thesis, we conduct a large-scale replication study on characterizing the logging practices on Java-based open source projects. A significantly higher portion of log updates are for enhancing the quality rather than co-changes with feature implementations. However, there are no well-defined coding guidelines for performing effective logging. In the second part, we studied the problem of characterizing and detecting the anti-patterns in the logging code. We have encoded these anti-patterns into a static code analysis tool, LCAnalyzer. Case studies show that LCAnalyzer has an average recall of 95% and precision of 60% .
Open Access
An Empirical Assessment on the Techniques Used in Load Testing
(2017-07-27) Gao, Ruoyu; Jiang, Zhen Ming
There are two main problems associated with load testing research: (1) the testing environment might not be realistic and (2) lack of empirical research. To address the first problem, we systematically assess the performance behavior of the system with various realistic environment changes. Results show that environment changes can have a clear performance impact on the system. Different scenarios react differently to the changes in the computing resources. When predicting the performance of the system under new environment changes, our ensemble-based models significantly out-perform the baseline models. To address the second problem, we have empirically evaluated 23 test analysis techniques. We have found all the evaluated techniques can effectively build performance models using data from both buggy or non-buggy tests and flag the performance deviations. It is more cost-effective to train models using two recent previous tests collected under longer sampling intervals.
Open Access
Performance Analysis of Coexistence Schemes for LTE in Unlicensed Bands
(2017-07-27) Jabbariardebili, Lida; Eckford, Andrew W.
LTE in the unlicensed spectrum, is becoming a popular area of research. Since LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) provides subscribers with higher-quality mobile voice, and video experience in high-traffic or low-signal locations, a fair coexistence mechanism with other networks, like Wi-Fi is essential. In this thesis, we propose two coexistence mechanisms that could be employed to ensure a fair channel access. First, we consider coexistence mechanism fundamentals, and then downlink system performance of two coexistence mechanisms are analyzed for multi-operator LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) deployments with different simulation scenarios, using NS-3. First we introduce the most trustworthy coexistence mechanism, and then a high-performance coexistence scenario is provided. We conclude that Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) can coexist with Wi-Fi without impacting Wi-Fi more than an equivalent Wi-Fi network. In the second part, uplink performance evaluation of LTE in licensed spectrum is also demonstrated.
Open Access
Automatic Speed Control For Navigation in 3D Virtual Environment
(2016-11-25) Papoi, Domokos Mihaly; Stuerzlinger, Wolfgang
As technology progresses, the scale and complexity of 3D virtual environments can also increase proportionally. This leads to multiscale virtual environments, which are environments that contain groups of objects with extremely unequal levels of scale. Ideally the user should be able to navigate such environments efficiently and robustly. Yet, most previous methods to automatically control the speed of navigation do not generalize well to environments with widely varying scales. I present an improved method to automatically control the navigation speed of the user in 3D virtual environments. The main benefit of my approach is that automatically adapts the navigation speed in multi-scale environments in a manner that enables efficient navigation with maximum freedom, while still avoiding collisions. The results of a usability tests show a significant reduction in the completion time for a multi-scale navigation task.