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The CRLC collection of on line publications accessible through YorkSpace includes a variety of articles or books produced by the members of CRLC. The CRLC members have written several thousands of publications in the area of Language and Culture Contact. Thus, the CRLC collection of on line publications has the potential of providing researchers and the general public with a significant database on studies in Language and Culture Contact. However, before a given publication is posted on the YorkSpace on line repository, many steps must be taken (e.g. bibliographical identification, authorization from the authors and publishers, scanning of older publications, indexing). Consequently, expansion of the on line collection of CRLC publications can only proceed gradually.
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Item Open Access A real-time window on 19th century vernacular French: The Récits du français québécois d'autrefois(Cambridge University Press, 2007) Poplack, Shana; St Amand, AnneItem Open Access A sociolinguistic study of language contact, shift and change(Mouton Publishers, 1985)Bilingual speech communities provide linguists with a favorite laboratory to study the effects of language contact on linguistic structure. Without denying the interest or importance of this traditional contrastive approach to the problem of bilingualism, attention is attracted to the often concomitant problem of language shift and to the linguistic consequences of the resultant restriction in subordinate language use: grammatical simplification and stylistic reduction. These internal developments, but also external ones due to language contact, are examined through the multiple variants of a prepositional variable in Ontarian French, a contact variety of Canadian French whose speakers evidence varying degrees of knowledge of and shift to English. It is shown that even a high level of retention of French is not a safeguard against grammatical influence from English, any more than maintenance of French on a par with English is a guarantee against simplification. This suggests that in a situation of UNSTABLE bilingualism, speakers may be unable to preserve the structural 'integrity' of the subordinate language.Item Open Access A.M. Klein. Pimontel et les ratés de la traduction(Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005) Simon, SherryPimontel est le protagoniste d'un court texte d'Abraham Moses Klein, écrit vers la fin des années 1940 et laissé inachevé. Pimontel est un être singulier qui choisit de se dévouer à la traduction des textes de la diaspora juive. L'échec de cette tentative en dit long sur l'attitude de Klein envers la traduction, et partant envers la coexistence et l'interpénétration des imaginaires de la diaspora juive canadienne et montréalaise.Item Open Access Aboriginal Language Maintenance, Development, and Enhancement(Northern Arizona University Press;, 1996) Burnaby, BarbaraThis paper offers a general review of literature relating to the maintenance, development and enhancement of Aboriginal languages in North America, espercially Canada. Following current Canadian practice, the term 'Aboriginal languages' will refer to the descendants of those languages that were spoken in North America before the coming of Europeans. It is comparable to the terms 'Native American languages' in the United States, and 'indigenous languages'in Latin America. I start with an outline of several concepts, mostly from sociolinguistics, that are useful for the purposes of thinking about language maintenance. Next, the current status of Aboriginal languages in Canada is considered through census figures and other broad data, indicators of factors that influence language change, scales of language vitality, and comparisons with recent immigrant language groups in North America. Then, there is a longer section on matters relating directly to interventions for active maintenance of Aboriginal languages. The main topic is language in education, but other areas are touched on such as Aboriginal people's values concerning their ancestral languages, policies on minority languages, literacy in Aboriginal languages, and community activities for language development. Finally, the situation of Aboriginal language outside of North America is reviewed.Item Open Access Acquisition du français en situation minoritaire: Le cas des franco-ontariens(CLE International; www.cle-inter.com, 1984) Mougeon, Raymond; Beniak, Edouard; Canale, MichaelItem Open Access Acquisition of English Prepositions by Monolingual and Bilingual (French/English) Ontarian Students(OISE, 1977) Carroll, SusanneItem Open Access Acquisition of the internal and external constraints of variable schwa deletion by French Immersion students(Mouton de Gruyter, 2004)This article is one among a series of studies on the acquisition of patterns of linguistic variation observable in the speech of native speakers of Canadian French by French immersion (FI) students. The present study is centered on deletion of the central vowel schwa, a widespread feature of casual spoken French. In this study, FI students are compared with same age native speakers of Ontario French. Our study has arrived at the following main findings: (I) Fl students delete schwa much less frequently than do the speakers of Ontario French; (II) FI students observe the same phonetic constraints that influence schwa deletion in native Ontario French; (III) FI students do not observe the constraint of topic formality which is observable in native Ontario French; and (IV) FI students who have had extracurricular contacts with native speakers of French display higher rates of schwa deletion than the FI students who have not had such contacts.Item Open Access Adult literacy issues in Canada(Cambridge University Press -Copyright holder: Cambridge University Press Http://journals.canbridge.org, 1992) Burnaby, BarbaraItem Open Access Agreeing to disagree: Variable subject-verb agreement in immersion French(CAAL - ACLA - Association Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquee, 2001) Nadasdi, TerryThe present study examines the variable presence/absence of third person plural marking on French verbs in the speech of French immersion students. The analysis considers both linguistic and social factors that condition variation and compares results with those found for native speakers of French. The principle findings are that agreement marking in the speech of immersion students is comparable to that of native Francophones whose use of French is restricted. The only social factor found to condition variation is amount of French language schooling. Several linguistic factors condition variation. Some of these are also found in restricted native speaker French, while others are particular to the immersion students. Cette étude porte sur la présence variable des marques de nombre sur les verbes français dans le parler d'étudiants qui suivent un programme d'immersion française. Nous tenons compte des facteurs linguistiques et sociaux qui conditionnent la variation et nous présentons des comparaisons avec le parler des francophones. Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que l'accord en nombre se fait à un taux de fréquence qui est similaire à ce qu'on trouve pour les locuteurs natifs. Le seul facteur social qui entre en corrélation avec la variable est la proportion d'instruction en français. Plusieurs facteurs linguistiques exercent une influence significative. Certains de ces facteurs se retrouvent également dans le parler des francophones en situation minoritaire, tandis que d'autres sont particuliers aux étudiants inscrits dans un programme d'immersion française.Item Open Access An Issue on Predicate-Clefting: Evidence from Atlantic Creoles and African Languages(Brockmeyer University Press, Bochum; http://www.brockmeyer-universitaetverlag.com/page1.php, 1987) Mufwene, Salikoko S.Item Open Access Antoine Berman, l'absolu critique(Association Canadienne de Traductologie, McGill University; http://mqup.mcgill.ca/, 2001) Simon, SherryS’il y a recherche d’absolu chez Antoine Berman, c’est la recherche de l’absolu critique,l’idéal d’une position d’intellectuel engagé par sa matière. Berman a établi l’actualité de la traductologie comme pensée critique. Antoine Berman was a passionate thinker. His work in translation studies established this area as a legitimate and essential area of critical thought and intellectual engagement.Item Open Access Aperçu de la langue française en Alberta (Canada)(Presses Universitaires du Mirail; http://w3.pum.univ-tlse2.fr//, 2003) Walker, DouglasItem Open Access Are you bilingual?(Birkbeck College, 2006) Dewaele, Jean-MarcThis study, based on a questionnaire written in English, asks participants (with self-reports of low to very high proficiency in two languages) if they are bilingual. That answer serving as the independent variable, we then investigated whether this was linked to sociobiographical factors and to self-reported L2 proficiency. The results of the statistical analyses show participants who self-rated more proficient in their L2 were more likely to consider themselves bilingual. In addition, three sociobiographical factors were linked to self-reports of being bilingual: currently living or having recently lived in the L2 community, and not currently studying the L2.Item Open Access Back to the Future in Acadian French(Cambridge University Press, 2003) King, Ruth; Nadasdi, TerryAbstract - Our article presents a variationist analysis of future verb forms in Acadian French. The main variants considered are the inflected future (e.g. je partirai) and the periphrastic future (e.g. je vais partir). The purpose of this study is two-fold: a) it will determine the distribution of these variants and their linguistic correlates; b) it will compare the use of future verb forms with other varieties of French. Our results reveal that the inflected future is used with greater frequency in Acadian French than in other Canadian varieties and that the factors that condition the variable in Acadian are not the same as in other varieties. (Received November 2000) (Revised May 2003)Item Open Access Basque Language Survival in Rural Communities From the Pays Basque, France(Desert Research Institute Publication in the Social Sciences, 1977)In comparison to the Basque country in Spain, the Pays Basque in France is very small; its three provinces cover an area of only approximately 2,500 square miles, somewhat more than half the total of the "Departement" of Atlantic Pyrenees. Furthermore, unlike its Spanish counterpart, the Pays Basque is almost completely devoid of substantial industry as well as of any major urban centers. The only exception is the city of Bayonne. It has been observed in that rural areas are more favorable to the preservation ofminority languages and cultures than urban ones. Thus it may be hypothesized that the chances of maintenance of the Basque language may be higher in France than in Spain. In order to attempt to evaluate the Basque language's chances of survival% on the French side of the border, the authors decided, in 1976, to carry out a survey on the use of Basque and French for communication, by Basque children enrolled in elementary schools and by their parents, in order to compare language use of the two groups. Furthermore, the children's language use was investigated as a function of several extralinguistic variables: age of children, locale of communication, socioeconomic status of the parents, etc. In all, four elementary French language public schools (écoles communales) were surveyed. They are located in four neighboring' mountain villages situated near Donibane Garazi (St. Jean Pied de Port) in the Pyrenees: Bussunaritz, Mendive, Lecumberry, and Ahaxe. Since the population of these villages is composed mainly of farmers and of people of Basque extraction, they may be looked upon as settings most favorable to Basque language and culture preservation. For this reason the results of our study will probably represent a conservative measure of Basque language retention. Because of this, we intend to carry out later a similar survey in the neighboring town of St. Jean Pied de Port; a community which is much more open to the outside world. Such a survey should enable us to see whether, with respect to language retention, the Basque children of a relatively me urbanized community differ from the children of typically rural communities. Given the geographical limitations of the present survey, it must be regarded as only exploratory. However, since to our knowledge this survey is the first of its kind, its results should be of interest to all those concerned with the maintenance of Basque culture and language.Item Open Access Bilingual Competence: Linguistic Interference or Grammatical Intergrity?(National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Arlington, 1983) Poplack, ShanaThis study reviews five papers focusing on Spanish in the United States setting in light of traditional and current research in the field of bilingualism. The author discusses methodological, conceptual, and analytical approaches to language contact, as well as the implications of various research frameworks for the findings. It is suggested that the "sociolinguistic method" can be successfully applied to the study of language contact.Item Open Access Bilingualism, Language maintenance and Religion in Gaspe East(UQAM, Dept. of Linguistics, 1975) Mougeon, Raymond; Macnamara, JohnItem Open Access Blistering barnacles! What language do multilinguals swear in?(Universidade de Vigo, 2004) Dewaele, Jean-MarcThe present contribution focuses on the effects of language dominance / attrition, context of acquisition, age of onset of learning, frequency of general use of a language and sociodemographic variables on self-reported language choice for swearing. The analysis is based on a database to which 1039 multilinguals contributed through a web based questionnaire. Results suggest that, according to the self-reports, swearing happens most frequently in the multilinguals’ dominant language. Mixed instruction, an early start in the learning process, and frequent use of a language all contribute to the choice of that language for swearing. Sociodemographic variables were not found to have any effect. Frequency of language choice for swearing was found to be positively correlated with perceived emotional force of swearwords in that language. Quantitative results based on answers to close-ended questions corresponded to participants’ responses to open-ended questions.Item Open Access Borrowing: the Synchrony of Integration(Mouton de Gruyter; http://www.degruyter.de/cont/imp/dgRecht/dgRechtEn.cfm, 1984)The notion of loanword assimilation is operationalized in a number of different ways, focusing on both linguistic and social aspects. The indices of integration thus constructed are applied to a set of lexical data elicited from Puerto Rican children and adults from East Harlem, New York. The results of this survey are analyzed statistically using the method of principal components. We interpret the output in terms of the social and linguistic trajectory of words during the borrowing and integration process. Of particular importance are the relatively close relationship between increase in usage frequencies and the processes of phonological integration, the transient nature of inconsistencies in gender assignment, and the fates of competing lexical items for a single referent.Item Open Access Brussels French une fois: Transfer-induced innovation or system-internal development(Cambridge University Press - Copyright holder: Cambridge University Press - Http://journals.canbridge.org, 2005) Treffers-Daller, JeanineIn language contact studies, specific features of the contact languages are often seen to be the result of transfer (interference), but it remains difficult to disentangle the role of intra-systemic and inter-systemic factors. We propose to unravel these factors in the analysis of a feature of Brussels French which many researchers attribute to transfer from (Brussels) Dutch: the adverbial use of une fois. We compare the use of this particle in Brussels French with its occurrence in corpora of other varieties of French, including several that have not been influenced by a Germanic substrate or adstrate. A detailed analysis of the frequency of occurrence, the functions and the distribution of the particle over different syntactic positions shows that some uses of une fois can be traced back to sixteenth-century French, but that there is also ample evidence for overt and covert transfer (Mougeon and Beniak, 1991) from Brussels Dutch.