CRLC Publications
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The CRLC collection of on line publications accessible through YorkSpace includes a variety of articles or books produced by the members of CRLC. The CRLC members have written several thousands of publications in the area of Language and Culture Contact. Thus, the CRLC collection of on line publications has the potential of providing researchers and the general public with a significant database on studies in Language and Culture Contact. However, before a given publication is posted on the YorkSpace on line repository, many steps must be taken (e.g. bibliographical identification, authorization from the authors and publishers, scanning of older publications, indexing). Consequently, expansion of the on line collection of CRLC publications can only proceed gradually.
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Browsing CRLC Publications by Author "Burnaby, Barbara"
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Item Open Access Aboriginal Language Maintenance, Development, and Enhancement(Northern Arizona University Press;, 1996) Burnaby, BarbaraThis paper offers a general review of literature relating to the maintenance, development and enhancement of Aboriginal languages in North America, espercially Canada. Following current Canadian practice, the term 'Aboriginal languages' will refer to the descendants of those languages that were spoken in North America before the coming of Europeans. It is comparable to the terms 'Native American languages' in the United States, and 'indigenous languages'in Latin America. I start with an outline of several concepts, mostly from sociolinguistics, that are useful for the purposes of thinking about language maintenance. Next, the current status of Aboriginal languages in Canada is considered through census figures and other broad data, indicators of factors that influence language change, scales of language vitality, and comparisons with recent immigrant language groups in North America. Then, there is a longer section on matters relating directly to interventions for active maintenance of Aboriginal languages. The main topic is language in education, but other areas are touched on such as Aboriginal people's values concerning their ancestral languages, policies on minority languages, literacy in Aboriginal languages, and community activities for language development. Finally, the situation of Aboriginal language outside of North America is reviewed.Item Open Access Adult literacy issues in Canada(Cambridge University Press -Copyright holder: Cambridge University Press Http://journals.canbridge.org, 1992) Burnaby, BarbaraItem Open Access Community Based ESL: An Assessment of a federal Pilot Initiative(TESL Canada, 1988) Burnaby, BarbaraThis article provides an overview of an assessment that TESL Canada undertook of Employment and Immigration Canada's pilot programme, the Settlement Language Training Program (1986/7). Ten projects in the programme in Ontario, Manitoba, and B.C. were studied. The programme was well received. Its community based delivery and the availability of babysitting and transportation supports were important to its success. Good needs assessment for outreach and curriculum proved to be critical. Special attention needs to be paid to the needs of learners with low levels of literacy. Implications for future initiatives of this type are drawn on the topics of needs assessments, decision making structures, delivery agencies, time-frames and funding levels, and programme models.Item Open Access Cree Decision Making Concerning Language: A Case Study(Multilingual Matters & Channel View Publications, 2001) Burnaby, Barbara; MacKenzie, MargueriteIn 1993, nine Cree communities on the east coast of James Bay (Quebec, Canada) and inland began work on a pilot project to use Cree as the language of instruction(CLIP) in two communities, and have continued to extend this so that now Cree is the main language of instruction up to grade four (the target level) in many of the communities. We describe the complex context of language choice in schools before CLIP was implemented. In our analysis, four important threads of concern were identified: (1) locus of control (who had power in the communities and schools); (2) economies of scale (how the resources to accomplish Cree-medium teaching were created); (3) community visions of language and education (the evolution of attitudes, particularly of parents, towards the pertinent languages and their uses);and(4) the role of literacies(changes in community members' expectations of what literacy in Cree and English were good for). Our conclusion is that no simple models of language use are likely to be adequate for explaining or predicting outcomes in such complex situations. Documenting these cases longitudinally and in many facets provides unique local micro-analysis against which other circumstances can be compared.Item Open Access Native Language for Every Subject: The Cree Language of Instruction Project(Northern University of Arizona Press, 1999) Burnaby, Barbara; MacKenzie, Marguerite; Salt, Luci BobbishItem Open Access Personal Thoughts on Indigenous Language Stabilization(Northern Arizona University Press;, 1997) Burnaby, BarbaraThis paper presents personal reflections on factors in the preservation and stabilization of North America indigenous languages. All indigenous languages in North America are in danger of being lost. Linguistic and cultural minority communities must control the institutions that affect their lives if there is to be significant and sustainable improvement in their circumstances. While community control is vital to the stabilization of indigenous languages, development of community control and recruitment of human resources are often complicated by conflicting goals and agenda. Some of these complications are illustrated through examples of indigenous control over schools in Canada and control over indigenous language development in general in Yukon Territoty. Another factor in strategy development's size: the size of a language group as a whole, the size of each community involved in language preservation, the amount the language is used in the group or community, and the number of kinds of situations that exist for using the language. Preservation strategies much combine questions of size with questions of control, and outsiders must be prepared to accept that some communities, especially the smallest ones, will have other priorities than language preservation or revival. Local priorities must be respected. In addition, local leadership must be fostered, the forces that create negativity must be met with healing, and recent accomplishments must be appreciated. Contains 15 references.Item Open Access Réflexions en marge du développement de l'écrit en langue autochtone(Recherches amérindiennes au Québec; http://www.recherches-amerindiennes.qc.ca/revueaccueil.html, 1984) Burnaby, BarbaraItem Open Access The Role of Education in integrating diversity in the Greater Toronto area(CERIS, 2000) Burnaby, Barbara; James, Carl; Regier, SheriItem Open Access Workplace ESL at Levi Strauss: Dropouts speak out(TESL Canada, 1993) Peirce, Bonny N.; Harper, Helen; Burnaby, BarbaraThis paper investigates why over 50 workers who qualified for ESL training did not participate in the EWP programs offered on-site at two garment factories in Canada. Findings are drawn from a research project commissioned by Levi Strauss & Co. (Canada) in 1990. Results indicate that advertised programs, supervisor resistance, production and income anxiety, domestic and social pressure are more likely to lead to "dropout" than limitations in the programs per se. The authors conclude if an EWP programs is to be effective, it must address not only the linguistic needs of the ESL workforce in a particular context, but its relationship to larger social and economic structures in the workplace and wider community.Item Open Access Writing systems and orthographies(Kluwer - Dordrecht, 1998) Burnaby, Barbara