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Item Open Access The Roles of Asylum Seeker–Led Organisations in Settlement Processes and Determinants: Evidence from Hong Kong(Springer Nature, 2024-07-31) Lam, Ka Wang KelvinOrganisations led by refugees or migrants play an important role in their settlement, providing platforms for establishing connections and reaching the wider community. However, our knowledge of how they utilise these platforms for establishing connections and the factors affecting the formation of these connections remains limited. This paper, drawing on evidence from Hong Kong, examines the use of organisations led by asylum seekers as platforms for establishing connections, the roles of these connections in their settlement process, and the factors affecting the formation of these connections. Data were collected from an asylum seeker–led organisation in Hong Kong. The author conducted participant observation and 30 semi-structured interviews with adult asylum seekers while volunteering with this organisation between 2018 and 2021. The findings reinforce the importance of organisations led by refugees or migrants in their settlement process, particularly when official humanitarian aid is insufficient. They utilise these platforms to reach the wider community for support, thereby filling assistance gaps through establishing connections with the local community (bridging) and participating in policy advocacy activities (linking). Proficiency in the local language and institutional responsiveness were found to determine their ability to bridge with the local community and link with policymakers respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that, aside from the engagement of refugees or migrants, the support of host communities and institutional responsiveness are equally important in creating favourable conditions for them to adjust to and establish their lives in a new context.Item Open Access Revolving Doors: How Externalization Policies Block Refugees and Deflect Other Migrants across Migration Routes(Wiley, 2024-07-23) mesnard, alice; Savatic, Filip; SENNE, Jean-Noël; Thiollet, HeleneMigrant destination states of the Global North generally seek to stem irregular migration while remaining committed to refugee rights. To do so, these states have increasingly sought to externalize migration control, implicating migrant origin and transit states in managing the movement of persons across borders. But do externalization policies actually have an impact on unauthorized migration flows? If yes, do those impacts vary across different migrant categories given that both asylum seekers and other migrants can cross borders without prior authorization? We argue that these policies do have an impact on unauthorized migration flows and that those impacts are distinct for refugees and other migrants. Using data on “irregular/illegal border crossings” collected by Frontex, the Border and Coast Guard Agency of the European Union (EU), we first find that the geographical trajectories of refugees and other migrants who cross EU borders without authorization are distinct. Using a novel method to estimate whether individuals are likely to obtain asylum in 31 European destination states, we find that “likely refugees” tend to be concentrated on a single, primary migratory route while “likely irregular migrants” may be dispersed across multiple routes. Through an event study analysis of the impact of the 2016 EU–Turkey Statement, a paradigmatic example of externalization, we show that the policy primarily blocked likely refugees while deflecting likely irregular migrants to alternative routes. Our findings ultimately highlight how externalization policies may fail to prevent unauthorized entries of irregular migrants while endangering refugee protection.Item Open Access Retrospection and Evolution(2022-07) Kipling Brown, AnnAnn Kipling Brown, made a trip down memory lane with the thoughts and ideas of the participants, using their own words and visual media to underline the journey and significant role of daCi. The keynote panel presentation celebrates and reflects upon Dance and the Child International (daCi), the one organization that focuses on all aspects of dance for young children and youth. It seemed appropriate in the 40th anniversary year of the organization that we consider daCi’s journey from its inception to the present day. To do this I explored the daCi and Boorman archives, talked and interviewed people who have worked so diligently to maintain the goals of daCi, and, of course, considered my own involvement with the organization. My recent conversations with Joyce revealed her continued passion and commitment to dance education through her reflections about her teaching, publications, workshops, connections with public schools and the children’s theatre.Item Open Access Portrait de l'extrême droite à Québec : Organisations, discours et activités des groupes racistes et xénophobes de la Capitale nationale(La Ligue des droits et libertés – Section de Québec, 2019) Roy-Rojas, PabloSur fond de crise identitaire, l’extrême droite connait une résurgence un peu partout en Occident. Son discours islamophobe, xénophobe et raciste, bien qu’il soit transnational, se particularise selon les différentes localités où il trouve écho. Au Québec, l’extrême droite s’organise principalement en deux tendances : le nationalisme identitaire et le néofascisme. Cet article propose de tracer un portrait de l’extrême droite dans la capitale nationale. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié le parcours et l’actualité de plusieurs organisations québécoises et nous avons procédé au recensement de leurs activités publiques dans la ville de Québec. Nos résultats sont probants. Nous avons repéré le débat sur l’identité nationale comme facteur légitimant les discours identitaires. Nous avons révélé la collaboration d’organisations distinctes dans un réseau militant croissant à travers lequel circulent idées, stratégies et militant.e.s de la droite la plus radicale. Nous constatons que le discours de l’extrême droite québécoise se distingue aux abords de quatre thèmes : la race et l’Islam, le sexisme, l’autochtonie et la laïcité. Ensuite, nous démontrons que les quartiers centraux de la ville de Québec sont les plus affectés par les activités publiques de l’extrême droite, principalement par le groupe néofasciste Atalante. L’article met en lumière les réalités de l’extrême droite dans la ville de Québec. À partir d’un corpus empirique, il pose les bases d’une réflexion plus vaste au sujet de l’intolérance et du racisme.Item Open Access The punitive gap: NRC, due process and denationalisation politics in India’s Assam(Springer Nature, 2024-07-30) Siddique, Nazimuddin; Ramachandran, SujataThe creation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is indicative of the sharpening tensions surrounding citizenship, belonging and integration in India. Officially aimed at demarcating the “legitimate citizens”, its implementation is believed to have resulted in the partial exclusion of the so-called “Doubtful Voters” and denationalisation of the “illegitimate residents”. These frictions associated with citizenship identity and rights are nowhere as acute as in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, where measures of retroactive revocation, administrative erasure and withdrawal of citizenship rights have been systematically deployed against religious and linguistic minorities. Using new research with some NRC rejected applicants in western Assam and other materials, this article identifies the central aspects of the implementation gap in the crucial, albeit problematic task of locating the rightful “Assamese-Indian” citizens. Linking our work to the idea of the ‘process is the punishment’, we conceptualise these conspicuous inconsistencies in the NRC citizenship determination processes and their results as the “punitive gap”. We have identified the distinctive contours of this gap in terms of the massive economic costs, intensification of social (including gender and religion-based) inequalities, increased control through social suspicion and unpredictable outcomes for the marginal Miya Muslim community. The article highlights how this punitive gap has constantly eroded key components of due process, of procedural and substantive protections of the rights of individuals, during the NRC determination exercise and after the release of the final draft list.Item Open Access A Report on the Impact of Immigration Detention on the Health and Well-being of Refugees & Asylum Seekers: A meta-ethnography(International Contemporary Ethnography Across the Disciplines (CEAD) Association Incorporated, 2024-04-28) Wembri, Elizabeth; Chin, Mellisa; McClunie-Trust, PatriciaThe extended periods that some asylum seekers experience in immigration detention potentially compromise their mental health and physical well-being. This compromise is associated with the prevailing culture and conditions within some immigration detention facilities in Western countries, such as Australia, Canada and Germany. This review aims to synthesise the findings of studies that report on the experiences of refugees and asylum seekers while they have been held in immigration detention. A meta-ethnographic approach guided the synthesis following the eMERGe meta-ethnography reporting guidance structure. Three common storyline metaphors were identified from the synthesis of findings of seven qualitative studies: (1) treating like criminals, jail-like, prison-like, and treated like animals; (2) killing your mind and torturing your mind; and (3) feelings of hopelessness, worry, despair and fear. The findings of this review suggest that the culture and the practices of immigration detention that impact refugees and asylum seekers who are detained for sometimes extended periods need to be transformed. The time that people are held in detention and the context for that detention needs urgent review. While immigration detention is legislated and enacted differently in the countries where the included studies were located, Government policies should consider alternative approaches such as community detention. Regular monitoring of immigration detention practices by external bodies should be mandated, and ongoing staff training for workers in detention facilities should be instituted to ensure that refugees and asylum seekers are treated fairly and with dignity when detained.Item Open Access The Causes and Consequences of Refugee Flows: A Contemporary Reanalysis(Cambridge University Press, 2024-05-07) Shaver, Andrew; Krick, Benjamin; Blancaflor, Judy; Liu, Xavier; Samara, Ghassan; Ku, Sarah Yein; Hu, Shengkuo; Angelo, Joshua; Carreon, Martha; Lim, Trishia; Raps, Rachel; Velasquez, Alyssa; de Melo, Sofia; Zuo, ZhanyiThe world faces a forced displacement crisis. Tens of millions of individuals have been forced across international boundaries worldwide. Therefore, the causes and consequences of refugee flows are the subjects of significant social science inquiry. Unfortunately, the historical lack of reliable data on actual refugee flows, country-specific data reporting timelines, and more general pre-2000 data quality issues have significantly limited empirical inferences on these topics. We replicate 28 articles on these topics using data newly released after a multiyear collaboration with the United Nations on annual dyadic flows. We observe major inconsistencies between the newly released flow numbers and the stock-based flow estimates upon which decades of research are based; we also find widespread inappropriate treatment of missing historical values. When we replicate the existing literature using the newly introduced flow data, correcting the treatment of missing historical values, and temporally extending/restricting the study periods, we produce significantly different results.Item Open Access When passion isn’t enough: gender, affect and credibility in digital games design(SAGE Publications, 2016-03-02) Harvey, Alison; Shepherd, TamaraRecent controversies around identity and diversity in digital games culture indicate the heightened affective terrain for participants within this creative industry. While work in digital games production has been characterized as a form of passionate, affective labour, this article examines its specificities as a constraining and enabling force. Affect, particularly passion, serves to render forms of game development oriented towards professionalization and support of the existing industry norms as credible and legitimate, while relegating other types of participation, including that by women and other marginalized creators, to subordinate positions within hierarchies of production. Using the example of a women-in-games initiative in Montreal as a case study, we indicate how linkages between affect and competencies, specifically creativity and technical abilities, perpetuate a long-standing delegitimization of women’s work in digital game design.Item Open Access Reexamining the Effect of Refugees on Civil Conflict: A Global Subnational Analysis(Cambridge University Press, 2021-06-28) Zhou, Yang-Yang; Shaver, AndrewA large literature suggests that the presence of refugees is associated with greater risk of conflict. We argue that the positive effects of hosting refugees on local conditions have been overlooked. Using global data from 1990 to 2018 on locations of refugee communities and civil conflict at the subnational level, we find no evidence that hosting refugees increases the likelihood of new conflict, prolongs existing conflict, or raises the number of violent events or casualties. Furthermore, we explore conditions where provinces are likely to experience substantively large decreases in conflict risk due to increased development. Analysis examining nighttime lights as a measure of development, coupled with expert interviews, support our claim. To address the possibility of selection bias, we use placebo tests and matching. Our research challenges assertions that refugees are security risks. Instead, we show that in many cases, hosting refugees can encourage local development and even conflict reduction.Item Open Access Making the grade: Feminine lack, inclusion, and coping strategies in digital games higher education(SAGE Publications, 2021-01-09) Harvey, AlisonThe barriers faced by women in games production have been firmly established, including well-documented harassment and material forms of structural discrimination such as gender pay gaps. At the same time, the explanation that homogeneity in the games industry is due to a ‘leaky pipeline’ between training and the workforce persists, extending discourse familiar from the history of computing. Games higher education, the presumed feeder for diverse talent, remains underexplored despite the increasingly compulsory nature of university degrees in job postings. This article addresses the gap by exploring the experiences and perspectives of students studying games subjects in five UK universities. Based on thematic analysis of interviews, I argue that efforts to ‘get in’ to exclusionary tech spaces based on discourses of feminine lack fail to account for how these environments require marginalized people to develop strategies for coping with exclusionary norms to ‘stay in’.