A longitudinal analysis of the development of infant facial expressions in responses to acute pain: Immediate and regulatory expressions

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dc.contributor.authorAhola Kohut, Sara
dc.contributor.authorPillai Riddell, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorFlora, David
dc.contributor.authorOster, Harriet
dc.date.accessioned2018-03-26T18:39:07Z
dc.date.available2018-03-26T18:39:07Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.description.abstractFacial expressions during infancy are important to examine as infants do not have the language skills to describe their experiences. This is particularly vital in the context of pain where infants depend solely on their caregivers for relief. The objective of the current study was to investigate the development of negative infant facial expressions in response to immunization pain over the first year of life. Infant facial expressions were examined longitudinally using a subsample of 100 infants that were each videotaped during their 2-, 4-, 6-, and 12-month routine immunization appointments. Infant facial expressions were coded using BabyFACS for the first minute after a painful needle prick. Facial expressions were examined with a catalogue of the most commonly occurring facial expressions. Results demonstrated that clear differences were seen over ages. Infants display a variety of facial expressions with some of the components of adult pain expressions immediately after the needle and abate shortly after. However, infants did not display adult expressions of discrete negative emotions. Instead, infants display a variety of generalized pain and distress faces aimed at gaining caregiver aid. The development of non-verbal communication in infants, particular facial expressions, remains an important area of inquiry. Further study into accurately measuring infant negative emotions, pain, and distress is warranted.en_US
dc.identifier.citationAhola Kohut, S., Pillai Riddell, R. R., Flora, D., & Oster, H. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of the development of infant facial expressions in responses to acute pain: Immediate and regulatory expressions. Pain, 153(12), 2458-2465. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.09.005
dc.identifier.uriDOI10.1016/j.pain.2012.09.005en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10315/34428
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherPainen_US
dc.subjectpain reactivityen_US
dc.subjectpain regulationen_US
dc.subjectinfanten_US
dc.subjectfacial expressionen_US
dc.subjectemotionen_US
dc.subjectacute painen_US
dc.titleA longitudinal analysis of the development of infant facial expressions in responses to acute pain: Immediate and regulatory expressions
dc.typeArticleen_US

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