Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and EEG Alpha Power in Monolingual and Bilingual Infants: Early Predictors of Neural Processes Underlying Executive Function

Research suggests that the bilingual experience facilitates the development of executive function (EF) skills, whereas experiencing low socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with challenges to EF. Little research, however, has explored how SES contributes to variation in neural processes underlying EF during infancy, nor how SES and bilingualism interact to predict neural processes underlying EF. This study tested bilingual and monolingual exposed infants from low- to mid-SES backgrounds (n = 116) when they were 2, 6, 9, and 12 months of age to explore variation in an early neural predictor of EF - frontal alpha power. Results demonstrated that SES variables predicted alpha power at both 9 and 12 months. Minimal differences in alpha power were observed between bilingual and monolingual-exposed infants. However, language group did moderate associations between SES and alpha power at 9 months, such that negative associations between SES and frontal alpha were observed for the monolingual, but not bilingual group. Results suggest that SES contributes to variation in neural processes underlying EF from infancy and that bilingualism might act as a protective factor for early development of EF.