Association Of Serum Carotenoids, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, And Metabolic Dysfunctions With All-Cause And Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

Carotenoids are antioxidants associated with a lower mortality risk in the general population. However, the association between mortality and carotenoids among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still ambiguous. This study aimed to explore the relationship between serum carotenoids with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in those with and without NAFLD and metabolic dysfunctions. Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the association between serum carotenoids, NAFLD, and metabolic dysfunctions with all-cause and CVD mortality. The results showed that higher total and most individual serum carotenoid levels were associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in those with and without NAFLD and metabolic dysfunctions. NAFLD was independently associated with all-cause mortality, regardless of serum carotenoid levels. However, after adjustment for metabolic dysfunctions, NAFLD was not associated with all-cause mortality.