De-carbonizing Passenger Electric Vehicles and Medium-to-Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks: A Strategic Framework for the City of Toronto and the Province of Ontario

Addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is driving a global shift towards electric vehicles (EVs). Canada, with its commitment to achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, places high priority on accelerating EV adoption and establishing a robust EV charging infrastructure. This study proposes a comprehensive framework to optimize EV charging station deployment across Ontario, with each chapter divided into two sections: one focusing on light-duty passenger EVs within Toronto’s urban landscape and the other on medium- and heavy-duty trucks along the Highway 401-A20 corridor, spanning from Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario.

Using empirical data on EV ownership, existing charging infrastructure, and travel patterns, this study develops an optimization model for passenger electric vehicles within Toronto’s wards. The model identifies the optimal number and types of chargers needed to minimize installation costs while meeting the energy demands of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). By considering factors such as charging rates, charger availability, costs, and commuting distances, it evaluates drivers' charging behaviors for work and leisure trips and determines the required charger quantities accordingly. Additionally, the model incorporates home charging availability and the ratio of garage orphans—those without home charging options. This adaptable methodology offers valuable insights for urban planning and policy development in areas with similar needs.

Focusing on medium- and heavy-duty electric vehicles (MHDEVs), this study addresses the unique challenges of optimizing charging and route planning along the Highway 401-A20 corridor, from Rivière-du-Loup to Windsor. A key barrier to electric truck adoption lies in balancing limited range with delivery timelines while adhering to Canada’s on-duty regulations mandating driver rest periods. The study presents a robust framework that integrates essential factors—including initial state of charge, battery consumption rates, charging station availability, and rest stop requirements—to minimize travel time and identify optimal locations for combined charging and resting facilities along this critical corridor.

Given the increasing rate of EV adoption across various vehicle classes, deploying new chargers is crucial to meet future demand. This study contributes to more effective station deployment by addressing the distinct needs of both urban and rural areas while accommodating the varying properties of different vehicle types. The developed framework provides a foundation for strategic infrastructure planning to support EV expansion in Ontario and offers a scalable approach for broader applications.