Anticipatory distress prior to a painful medical procedure can lead to negative sequelae including heightened pain experiences, avoidance of future medical procedures, and potential non-compliance with preventative ...

BACKGROUND: Research investigating how observers empathize or form estimations of an individual experiencing pain suggests that both characteristics of the observer (‘top down’) and characteristics of the individual in ...

Facial expressions during infancy are important to examine as infants do not have the language skills to describe their experiences. This is particularly vital in the context of pain where infants depend solely on their ...

Diverse behavioral cues have been proposed to be useful cues in infant pain assessment, but there is a paucity of evidence on the basis of formal psychometric evaluation to establish their validity for this purpose. We ...