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    Geopolitical Framings of Subalterity in Education III: Context of Displacement
    (Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2021-12) Basu, Ranu
    This paper presents geopolitical framings of subalterity in education as an analytical framework to explore these questions by focusing on the spatial dialectics of peace, settlement, and welfare-state practices. I will argue that the project of education particularly as it relates to violence and displacement cannot be analysed in the absence of the geopolitics of imperial hegemony compounded by the logics of the neoliberal state. As the state reflects ‘the variety of geopolitical ways of viewing the world’–the institution of state-funded schools could also be assumed to reflect contrasting ‘geopolitical visions’ as they relate to the ‘geopolitical subject’. Hence, this paper attempts to understand how the provision of education, particularly as it relates to the question of forced displacement–beyond its literary component but as a radical strategy of transnational consciousness building–needs to be further analysed by examining the role of state-funded schools as sites for broader praxis and civic engagement.
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    A Privilege That Can Be Withdrawn: Regulation of Exit in Russia and Other Post-Soviet Republics
    (Wiley, 2025-12-24) Light, Matthew; Kosals, Leonid
    The former Soviet Union's restrictions on citizens' foreign travel or emigration were notoriously draconian. Yet what replaced them in the fifteen independent states of the post-Soviet region has not been well analysed. Outside the Baltic republics, the monolithic and prohibitive policies of the Soviet past have given way to a patchwork of restrictions with more complex motivations reflecting the diversity of contemporary Eurasian states. However, while many more people in the region can travel abroad when they wish, exit remains a privilege, rather than an enforceable right. Post-Soviet states' exit policies increasingly resemble those in other primarily authoritarian contexts around the world, albeit somewhat marked by Eurasian regimes' high levels of both coercive capacity and informality and the weakness of labour and the left. We conclude that the USSR's fixation on preventing exit was historically exceptional as a policy on foreign travel, rather than paradigmatic, and severely limited the regime's own migration policy options. In a paradox, the relaxation of blanket prohibitions has only increased the post-Soviet state's freedom to tailor restrictions on exit to its interests far more effectively than the USSR ever could.
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    Eurasian Economic Union: Problems and Perspectives of Labour Migrants from Kyrgyzstan to Russia
    (Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2023-12) Daniiarova, Gulzina Mamatalievna
    Labour migration plays an important economic and social role in the Kyrgyz Republic. In 2015, Kyrgyzstan joined the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) to benefit from its guarantee of the free movement of labour among its member countries, which include Russia. This article discusses the working conditions for Kyrgyz migrants in Russia, their rights under the EAEU Treaty, and the challenges they face.
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    For the Nation and the Future: Historical Snapshots into Refugee Education during the Last 100 Years in Finland and Sweden
    (Taylor & Francis, 2025-11-18) Kaukko, Mervi; Neuhaus, Sinikka; Välimäki, Matti
    The role of education for school-aged refugee children has evolved throughout history, influenced by time, geopolitical contexts, public perceptions, and ideas about the purposes of education. This article examines refugee education in Finland and Sweden over the past century, focusing on three periods. The first is the 1920s, when newly independent Finland agreed to the migration of large groups of refugees from Russia. The next phase is the 1940s, when Finnish children were sent as forced migrants to Sweden. Finally, we consider the 1980s–1990s, when large groups of refugees from outside Europe arrived in the Nordic countries. Our analysis shows that arrivals received varying degrees of welcome. The discourse on refugee education shifted from a Christian duty to care toward rationality, scarce resources, and security, with refugee students seen either as potential citizens or temporary visitors.
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    The Nordic Passport Union and the Nordic Council
    (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025-09-16) Stadius, Peter; Tervonen, Miika; Välimäki, Matti
    In this chapter the background and establishment of the Nordic Passport Union will be described as part of Nordic cooperation history, but also the restrictions and limiting factors will be given attention. After the millennium shift the Nordic Passport Union has faced two major developments. The establishment of EU's Schengen Area in 1995 started a process which made all five Nordic countries join in 2001, merging two integration projects into one. During the past 10 years the Nordic Passport Union has faced violations by its members, as border controls have been implemented ad hoc against the common agreement. The dynamics between processes of debordering and rebordering, i.e. debordering of regional boundaries understood as internal and the rebordering of boundaries depicted as external (Schimmelfennig 2021), are here used to describe and analyse the development of the Passport Union and the challenges it has been facing in recent years. The Nordic passport free zone introduced during the 1950s stands as one of the main achievements of the Nordic Council in its early years. The ground for this reform had been prepared in a number of ways previously during the interwar period. Free movement was tightly connected to the creation of a common labour market in the Nordic region, and as such had a great impact on Nordic societies during the Cold War period and beyond. The established Nordic cooperation structures were voluntarily merged with the creation of the European Schengen Area during the 1990s. This process was not met with any considerable opposition and manifested a positive belief in the possibilities to harmonise European and Nordic cooperation. The challenges presented to the open borders after 2010 and the reverses experienced by single Nordic states in respecting this agreement, have put the Nordic passport free zone under pressure. The general atmosphere of promoting debordering policies has lately been challenged by an increasing political narrative and actions promoting rebordering.