Smeets, LizLising, Ela Andre2026-09-222026-09-222026-08https://hdl.handle.net/10315/44070Despite growing research on Tagalog grammar, bilingualism, and heritage language maintenance, relatively little work has examined how adult heritage Tagalog speakers evaluate and produce discourse-conditioned word order variation. The present study addresses this gap by examining how heritage and non-heritage Tagalog speakers judge and produce predicate-initial, actor and patient ay-inverted constructions in various discourse contexts. In ay-inversion, a constituent appears before the rest of the clause and is separated from it by the particle ay, functioning as an inversion marker.enTagalogHeritage speakersay-inversionWord orderInformation structureResearch Paper