Conant, LisaHofmann, AndreasSoennecken, DagmarVanhala, Lisa2021-01-312021-01-312019Conant, L., Hofmann, A., Soennecken, D., & Vanhala, L. (2019). "Patrolling the boundaries of belonging? Courts, law and citizenship". In Research Handbook on Law and Courts. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788113205.000349781788113205https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788113205.00034http://hdl.handle.net/10315/38079This chapter explores how courts and law have contributed to the evolution of citizenship. Theoretically, it draws on Christian Joppke’s distinctions between citizenship as status, rights, and identity as a means to analyse different facets of belonging within political communities. Substantively, it emphasizes the United States (US) and European Union (EU) as historical projects where law and courts were particularly important in constructing national and supranational citizenship, respectively. It also examines tensions evident in postnational memberships, such as the de facto partial citizenship of unauthorized immigrants and exclusion of many refugees from any citizenship.enThis is a draft chapter. The final version is available in the Research Handbook on Law and Courts edited by Susan M. Sterett and Lee D. Walker, published in 2019, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788113205.00034 The material cannot be used for any other purpose without further permission of the publisher, and is for private use only.law, courts, rights, migrants, refugees, citizenship, United States, European UnionBook Chapterhttps://www.elgaronline.comhttps://doi.org/10.4337/9781788113205.00034